What Women Imply In Silence Essay -- Identity Style Expression

While strolling through an arbitrary office the individual would see a large number of ladies proposing numerous things through their appearance, while all the men in the workplace will have a similar style of slacks, dress shirt, and sparkled shoes. There might be slight varieties in the men’s looks, yet none of those varieties thinks about to the varieties obvious in ladies. Deborah Tannen utilizes her article â€Å"There is no Unmarked Woman†, distributed in 1994 inside the book Talking From 9 to 5, to deliver the possibility that in the expert, working world all men are plain fundamental molds of one another while ladies mark themselves using molecule in etymology, way they look, round out a structure, and change their family name after marriage. Tannen begins her article by breaking down the individuals in her independent company gathering: Four ladies and eight men. She sees how every ladies presents something other than what's expected through her garments, cosmetics, haircut, and shoes. While the ladies isolated themselves through their looks the guys were the plain of the gathering with no extraordinary separate styles. Tannen utilizes her insight into semantics to attempt to clarify this reality. She utilizes the semantics term checked. Stamped alludes to the molecule that has no importance of its own, for example, es and s (Tannen, 141). These particles possibly bode well when connected to the root word like wishes and misses. The root word or plain words are associated with the â€Å"male†; while the checked particles, for example, ess speak to the female for instance the word on-screen character. Unfortunately the female endings likewise deliver a thought of strangeness. Tannen likewise delivers the point that ladies can't round out structures without giving forward data about themselves. At the point when men are approached to round out structures they picked the... ...rk Times, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. abortion.htm>. Longley, Robert. U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low. About.com. The New York Times Co., 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. censusstatistic/an/aabirthrate.htm>. Monahan, Michael. Difficulties You Can Have with Your Abortion. Abortion Facts.com. Legacy House '76, 15 Nov. 2006. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. . Peterson, Linda H. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: Norton and Company, 2000. Print. Torres, Adia Forest, Jacqueline Darroch. For what reason Do Women Have Abortions? Guttmacher Insitute 20.4 (1988): 169-176. JSTOR. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. 2135792.pdf?acceptTC=true>.

Final report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Last report - Essay Example ?Southern Asia’ and ‘Confucian Asia’ reasoned that a vital segment of authority which is known as participative initiative changes in its essence over the three bunches, where the Western or Anglo culture discernibly puts more prominent incentive upon cooperation to help administration in correlation with both of the rest of the gatherings containing Asian nations. Swierczek (1991) be that as it may, refutes this thought according to his examination discoveries dependent on an example of only Asian administrators who acknowledge and favor cooperation over bearing as authority practices. Adler (1991) recommended that initiative models created in the West and especially in the United States have neglected to address culturally diverse administration difficulties which has enormously lessened their pertinence on an all inclusive scale, this carries us to the viewpoint introduced by Bass (1990) who guaranteed that pundits and inquires about must figure out how to reco gnize the differentiation between authority models that are explicit to the components of a culture contrasted with those that can be applied on a worldwide scale. This proposes the explicitness of Western models of authority isn't a marker of their adequacy or ineffectualness yet a proportion of their appropriateness. Dorfman et al. (1997 pp.233-234) inferred that in spite of the normal conviction that the all inclusiveness of initiative models and practices is powerless or now and again non-existent, three unmistakable authority practices; unforeseen prize, steady and appealling showed their means on a worldwide scale, while, participative, unexpected discipline and mandate ways to deal with administration were found to exist just specifically societies. Thus, the social particularity of participative administration conduct was additionally found by Ashkanasay (2002) while, the discoveries of Bass and Avolio, 1993) likewise detailed that the utilization of authority models on a di verse premise is a chance. Factories (2005) receives an impartial position in his investigation of Asian and Western administration models, recognizing that while the two methodologies are genuinely particular from one another they additionally convey a specific degree of likeness. In understanding why certain parts of Asian initiative models are so significantly not the same as their Western partners, Mills (2005) affirms that in an Asian business setting family and political affiliations are more pervasive than in Western associations, Chu (2011) noticed that a lion's share of huge companies in Asia are in truth privately-run company. Besides, it is additionally theorized whether culture really is the standard factor in evaluating the distinction among Asian and Western initiative models or is it the changing monetary, corporate and social improvement phases of the associations existing in the two areas (Mills, 2005). Plants (2005) contends that from a Western perspective, CEOs of associations working in nations

Public Schools

Public Schools Government Voucher Effects On Public Schools Home›Research Posts›Government Voucher Effects On Public Schools Research PostsThe research proposal is about how the government school vouchers have impacted on the public school system. The idea was first introduced by Milton Friedman about four decades ago and its main aim was to give some form of subsidiaries financially in form of vouchers to parents that take their children to private and religious schools. This however did not get good reception at the time but in recent times it has had increased support as it is believed it will lead up to improving the quality of education that is being offered in public schools.   This will give the incentive for competition while giving the freedom of choice in relation to the place where the child can go to school irrespective of the socio-economic status. This will mean that the public schools will have to give better education if parents will take their children there while the private schools will cease being the place for children who come from a wealthy background (Peters, 1996).According to Peters (1996), the school vouchers can be implemented in a variety of flavours that will include various options. These will all include the payment that will be made to the parents whose children attend private schools in offsetting the tuition and any educational expenses. This will be done by either the state or federal government depending on the type of program that will be put in place. The system will cater for the tuition fees for any parent who wants to their children to attend a private school or a religious one. In the process, this will work towards ending the monopoly in education that has been controlled by the state and local governments.The monopoly has always stifled competition between schools irrespective of their nature for two main reasons. The first reason is that the public schools have always been guaranteed of enrolment that is either done on a geog raphical basis. The second reason is that the other option to public schools which is the private ones has some high fees for tuition that most parents cannot afford. Due to this the ordinary parent who is not happy or dissatisfied with the state of quality of education that is offered in the public schools cannot opt for it as they cannot afford it. On the other hand the public schools due to the guaranteed enrolment do not have an incentive to compete by providing quality in education that is offered. However with the vouchers parents will have this option hence the schools will have to work towards quality education otherwise they will end up with empty classrooms due lacking of enrolment (Friedman, 1997).The introduction of the voucher would also assist in reducing the overcrowding that is in the public schools. This has led to a strain on the on the situation that is already desperate. In doing this the quality of education offered in these centres will improve as each student will be attended to on a personal level while his or her needs will also put into consideration.    In addition to this the private schools will have more room for other students hence easing on the crisis (Kalantzis Cope, 2011).According to Friedman (1997), the increased competition among both the private and public schools will ease on the notion that is already present in which the private schools are thought to offer better quality education. The free market will mean the brightest students will have the opportunity to choose the type of school they desire to go to. In avoiding the departure of their brightest schools the public schools will have to do better in order to keep them. On the negative side of it the public schools will have lower funding and further lower their chances of survival. In addition the competition will not be fair like in the case of transportation that public schools have to incur that private schools do not. This will also allow the private schools t o pick students that they believe fit their criteria leaving the unwanted ones for the public schools.The research study will aim at looking at the effects that Vouchers to schools by government will impact on the public schools. The vouchers mainly mean a financial assistance that is given parents who have taken their children to private schools as a relief to the tuition and other educational expense. In this construct, it will help in determining if the introduction of the vouchers will either improve or lead to the deterioration of the services that are offered in the public schools (Peters, 1996).MethodParticipantsThis will be a descriptive research study that will be trying to find out if the voucher introduction will have an impact in the public schools. Hence the parents whose children attend the public schools will be interviewed. The method of sampling that will be used will be multi-stage. In this different regions will be divided into geographically to create clusters an d from these proportional sampling will be used in that the cluster with the highest population of students who will get a higher sampling number in comparison to the minimum one.Ethical ConsiderationsAll the parents who are going to be interviewed will be informed that the exercise to be carried out is for the purpose of a study being done hence it’s on a voluntary basis. Due to this all those who will not give consent will not be included in the study. In addition all those who are partaking in the exercise will have to have children who go to public schools and hence would be affected by such an exercise.   Those who give consent will be assured that there identity will be kept private and the opinion that is given is the one to be used for the statistical analysis. At the same time grand parents who may be taking care of their grand children and not sure of the meaning of the study will be excluded from the study.MeasuresIn order to determine that the research to be carried ou t will be valid the questionnaires that are going to be to be used will include a demography section to ensure they symbolize that actual people were interviewed in the study. In this section the parent will state the school(s) that his or children attend and the level. In addition it will also try and seek their opinion on the quality of education offered in public schools and if the introduction of the vouchers will result in the improved quality of education. In order to ensure the response is even and it does not give a logistical nightmare in the analysis stage, the questionnaire needs to be structured and closed implying that the responses to be given will be limited to a certain criteria. The questionnaires to be given must be filled and taken away at the same time hence if a parent says he or she is too busy should be excluded. This can be attributed to influence on the options to be filled that may be influenced by other figures or persons who may voice their opinion leadin g to incorrect information.Procedure for Data CollectionAll the respondents will be interviewed using a questionnaire that they will be expected to fill. In a situation where they are not clear of the meaning of the question it shall be explained by the research assistants who will be properly trained in carrying out the exercise for easy facilitation and reduce the incidence of spoilt questionnaires due to inappropriate filling of the questions and this will interfere with the sampling number that had been selected leading to invalidation of the research being carried out. Before the commencement of the answering of the questionnaires, the parents who fit the criteria of the sample population will be explained about the significance of the study as a whole inclusive of its purpose to avoid any misunderstandings.

The Reality Of Slavery In Douglasss Work - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1019 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frederick Douglass Essay Did you like this example? Frederick Douglass was born in Maryland into slavery. Throughout Douglass life he faced and saw constant brutality as a slave. The corruption in slavery was made evident in the way Douglass described his life story. Many like Douglass were forced into slavery with no or very limited options, being stripped from their freedom, slaves are forced to take on the hardships of being a slave. Throughout the narrative there are many accounts of brutality that slaves have endured physically and emotionally being shown and how those accounts of brutality ultimately led to resistance. In the institute of slavery slaves were severely punished for the simplest offense, facing physical brutality everyday. For Douglass it was never a rare occasion to see people with marking of beatings like, The head, neck, and shoulders of Mary were literally cut to pieces. all throughout her body nearly covered with festering sores, caused by the lash of her cruel mistress . Many people like Mary had to submit to this way of life, of constant brutality, some even faced worse some better. For instance, women would suffer more, like Douglass Aunt whose master desired her presence and due to her being with another man he would stripped her from neck to waist, and waiting Before he commenced whipping . Slavery was facing punishments of whipping for the simplest offense and even at times being literally covered with blood for simply not completing a task or because the mast was in a bad mood. In addition, slave masters would whip the slave to an extent causing the warm red blood to drip and as a way to justify the heinous act slave owners would quote this passage of Scripture using religion as a justification for slavery. The physical brutality of slavery was a pain on the outside, but it would then convert to a pain on the inside. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Reality Of Slavery In Douglasss Work" essay for you Create order Slavery would take a toll on people it will affect people mentally and emotionally, leaving them distraught, fearful, and with little hope. Not only were slaves affected by slavery but slave owners as well, like an old Mistress of Douglass became even more violent in her opposition than her husband himself , affecting her mentally, subsiding to society and losing part of her kind nature. The brutality of slavery affects everyone, on an emotional level, changing their personality to withstand the hard times of being a slave or having a slave. Douglass has had to overcome emotion tolls of slavery when his younger brother was grabbed by the throat, threw him on the ground, and with the heel of his boot stamped upon his head till the blood gushed from his nose and ears , the physical brutality Douglass brother suffered also affected Douglass on a mental level. He was overcome with fear, worry, and anger. Inclusive, Douglass himself was faced with multiple accounts of the reality of slavery, that he ultimately felt broken in body, soul, and spirit. , completely hopeless. Douglass had lost to slavery, being physically abused to emotionally tormented. The brutality of slavery was a way to prevent slaves from resisting, to stop them from fighting for their freedom, by damaging them physically and emotionally. Resistance was an act slaves hardly committed. Some of the outcome of resistance was death or a punishment so severe, it was close to death. Slave owners would fear having resistance occur because that would mean they lose their power, and slaves will gain hope, assurance, and fight back. Douglass even showcases his resistance when he gained an unexpected courage when he resolved to fight, fighting back as he seized Covey hard by the throat demonstrating resistance, retaliating. Even though Douglass felt completely broken before he resolved to not letting slavery get the best of him, he fought against the institute. Douglass wasnt the only slave to ever resist. Another slave by the name Demby who had plunged himself into a creek, and stood there at the depth of his shoulders, refusing to come out., but as a result of his resistance a slave owner raised his musket to his face, taking deadly aim at his standing victim, and in an instant poor Demby was no more . This is ultimat ely the outcome of resisting, death. Unlike Douglass who was lucky enough to still be alive, most slaves didnt have the same luck. The act of resisting was considered a severe offense. Slave owners tried to eliminate any resistance because it was considered as a fight of freedom, and it was a fear of possible uproar in slaves, rebellion. As it was feared that slaves would run away Douglass took the risk and his thought was that he could not hope to get off with anything less than the severest punishment his only outcome of trying to escape was life and death, yet what made the sacrifice worthwhile was the blessedness of freedom . The only reason Douglass would escape would be for freedom, the chance to be free man, free from the brutality of slavery, free from the horror of being a slave. The institution of slavery is a system filled with brutality. Slaves are faced with brutality that has a physical and emotional toll. They are severely punished some even end up on the brink of losing hope, feeling completely broken. But some will fight back against the institution. Douglass has faced brutality both physical and emotional, he was subjected into a system of dehumanization, he was on the brink of losing hope, but ultimately fought back. Douglass wasnt going to let slavery defeat him, break him, he was going to fight for it all, his freedom. On the contrary, for most slaves freedom wasnt an option, slavery had oppressed slaves. Slaves were implemented into a system of corruption, stripped from their freedom, given no rights, yet hoped for freedom. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass had showcased the reality of slavery, the corruption of it, setting wave for a path of freedom. Even today people realize the brutality of slavery through the narrative, Frederick Douglass has opened up peoplers eyes on slavery in the past, present and even the future.

Integrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling

Integrated approach to counseling is when you combined theories to cover the clients’ feelings, cognitive patterns, and behavior (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Psychotherapy has four integration approaches; technical eclecticism, theoretical integration, common factors approach, and assimilative integration. Psychotherapy integration is different than eclectic; which is when therapist use theories because it works and uses no other reasoning when grabbing from multiple theories (Stricker, An Introduction to Psychotherapy Integration, 2001). Psychotherapy integration goes past the single theory approach to examine what can be learned and combined with oth er theories (Stricker, Psychotherapy Integration, 2010). Technical eclecticism is when a counselor uses their previous knowledge of a theory and experience combined with research to use interventions on a client; this approach is thought of to be very close to eclectic practice (Stricker, Psychotherapy Integration ). Technical eclecticism pull ideas from theories but do not necessarily subscribe to the original positions of the theory (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e,Show MoreRelatedIntegrated Systemic Therapy Is The Most Integrated Of The Therapies Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrated Systemic Integrated systemic therapy is, as the name suggests, the most integrated of the therapies. This method takes a team approach, uniting procedures from all other therapies (Nichols Schwartz, 1998). The change is at the interactional level. 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John Pokinghorne said I can perceive another person as an aggregation of atoms, an open biochemical system in interaction with the environment, a specimen of homo sapiens, an object of beauty, someone who needs deserve my respect and compassion, a brother for whom Christ died. Myers believes Christians must appreciate the essential role of science in nuturing curiosity and humility. This will put a wrongheaded notion about existenceRead MoreTheoretical Integration May Be Very Advantageous When Conducting A Therapy Session With A Client1473 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantageous when conducting a therapy session with a client. For example, a female freshman student, age 18, presented herself in the counseling office stating that she was suffering a nervous breakdown and has been feeling depressed with low self-esteem. She also stated that she was not adjusting well to the college life.The beauty of being able to integrate counseling theories gives the counselor options to choose not only one, but several therapies to address the needs of the client. Because not

Ability to learn is affected by the classroom environment Free Essays

The schoolroom environment is the ambiance and scene of the room that pupils learn within. It includes a broad scope of educational constructs that include both the physical and psychological environment. These constructs consist of both societal context and instructional constituents related to teacher features and schoolroom scene ( Konza, Grainger A ; Bradshaw, 2001 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ability to learn is affected by the classroom environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" The physical environment of a schoolroom explains a batch about the outlooks of a instructor towards their pupils † ( Konza, Grainger A ; Bradshaw, 2001 ) . Before a pupil begins larning efficaciously they must be provided with a safe, positive and supportive learning civilization. In return will cut down struggle and enhance acquisition capablenesss. A pupil ‘s instruction is affected by the undermentioned constructs of the schoolroom environment: pick of coloring material, type of lighting, noise degree, room temperature, category size and ornament. A classrooms pick of coloring material impacts extremely on pupils larning. Certain colorss used on the walls of the schoolroom create both good and bad tempers ; impacting pupil larning. Mood is a pertinent facet of larning within a schoolroom. A pupil who is in a good temper and environment by others in a good temper will seek to larn and take in more from their lessons. Where as a pupil who is in a bad temper and surrounded by others in a bad temper will be loath to larn and seek distraction. Konza, Grainger A ; Bradshaw ‘s, ( 2001 ) research proves the colors orange, yellow, green, and light blue used in schoolrooms create a cheerful, sociable environment with minimum ill will and annoyance. In return allow for pupils to increase the consumption of information and apprehension for larning. Opposed to the dull, white, brown and black colorss used in a schoolroom that creates a non- stimulating nor productive environment. Hence colour itself is a critical portion in promotin g comfy and effectual acquisition. Consequently the pick of coloring material when utilizing in a schoolroom puting demands to be addressed as it impacts extremely on a pupil ‘s temper and in return affects their learning abilities. Sound is another construct that impacts on a pupil larning. On a day-to-day footing the schoolroom encounters many sums and different types of noise and can run from: schoolroom treatments, background noise, conversations and music. Nevertheless Marsh ( 2008 ) states that â€Å" sounds are all around us, nevertheless when sounds are unwanted they are redeemed as noise † . In order to larn pupils are subjected to conversations throughout their twenty-four hours, if non by the instructor, but themselves and other equals. The degree of variable noise will change depending on scenes such as the difference between libraries to art categories. Every schoolroom has background noise such as fans, airing, treatments and conversations which is step in dBs as BNL ( Background noise degrees ) . Marsh ( 2008 ) . A instructor can pass on clearly in a quiet voice when the BNL rises to 35dB, supplying a safe and comfy ambiance. A normal voice will transport good over a BNL of 40dB where larni ng takes its extremum as information and instructions can be delivered and heard clearly. Opposed to anything over 45dB or 50 dubnium where a instructor or pupil must talk really aloud which in return can do distraction, annoyance, emphasis and weariness ( Marsh, 2008 ) . Due to the fortunes of being subjected to a assortment of different degrees of noise within a schoolroom, pupils can change between efficient acquisition and aside. This clearly outlines the importance of noise degree in the schoolroom and its effects on instruction. There is much research grounds based on the effects of category size that is redeemed to be contradictory, whether it impacts on pupils accomplishments or non. However there are many survey ‘s that do place the significance of category size and its impact on pupil larning. Such as, Larkin, ( 2004 ) who states â€Å" that by cut downing category size, particularly for the younger kids, will hold a positive consequence on pupil accomplishment † . In making so will construct better instructor pupil relationships which will break their attitude towards larning and better their instruction. The province authorities had taken action to cut down category sizes for illustration New South Wales had aimed to hold category sizes changing from 20 to 24 pupils in the first three old ages of schooling for all province schools by 2007.Marsh ( 2008 ) . The pupils within these schoolrooms will hold the chance to derive more of the instructor ‘s clip, attending and instruction. Leti ng for more one- on- one instruction to take topographic point in the schoolroom and clip and attending for inquiries and replies that will heighten pupil cognition and better their instruction. Rather than, the pupils being subjected to big category size where the instructor struggles to run into the demands of all his or her pupils. In return go forthing the pupils troubled, unconfident and discerning towards their instructor, schooling and in peculiar instruction itself. Based on the synthesis of Course, Minus, A ; Passing. ( 2008 ) that little categories in the early classs generate better environments for pupils and these are greater the longer the pupils are exposed to the smaller categories. Due to the consequence of pupil accomplishment displayed in the authorities ‘s actions to make smaller category sizes, it is now more of precedence within schools to move on the information and work towards smaller categories as it is turn outing to be successful. Based on authorit ies consequences and theoreticians, the success of the passage to smaller categories is sketching the significance category size has on pupil acquisition. When measuring the schoolroom environment, temperature is a critical construct as it can impact pupil ‘s behavior and in return their ability to take on cognition. Marsh ( 2008 ) states that â€Å" Common sense would bespeak that there is a reasonably limited temperature scope in which school pupils might be expected to work at their best † . She explains that high temperatures can do some pupils to be cranky and uncomfortable and in utmost instances both unenrgetic and nauseating. Equally good as cold temperatures that may convey out aggression and negative behavior in some pupils within the schoolroom. The temperature of a schoolroom can be altered through the usage and execution of osculating ceiling fans, oil and gas fired warmers and air-conditioning. Marsh ( 2008 ) . It is the duty of the instructor to be cognizant of the possibilities of temperature emphasis if excessively high or low temperatures prevail and adjust their activities consequently. Temperature is a critical facet on the schoolroom environment. It can change how a pupil feels and in return their attitude to school and instruction. Therefore temperature has considerable impact on a pupil ‘s ability to larn comfortably and expeditiously. A pupil ‘s ability to larn is extremely affected by the constructs of the schoolroom environment. Students go to school to be educated and this instruction can be manipulated by many factors that exist within the schoolroom. Therefore changeless alteration and appraisal of schoolrooms is needed to guarantee that there is an addition of sufficient and effectual acquisition taking topographic point without distraction and hurt. By researching and admiting that the schoolroom environment has many constructs to it such as pick of coloring material, degree of noise, category size and temperature that all impact on how a pupil learns and their ability to larn. The school and instructors can work together to make a comfy acquisition environment to accommodate the acquisition demands of pupils. How to cite Ability to learn is affected by the classroom environment, Essay examples

The European Union as an intergovernmental organization

The European Union forms an important trading block that thanks to the Euro is shaping business dynamic across the world. The integration of the states forming the European Union offers a typical platform for the benefits of integration in the world. The apparent strong position of the Euro has persuaded critics of the union like the United Kingdom to soften their stances and view the benefits of the European Union with less skepticism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The European Union as an intergovernmental organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A good number of the policies that define the union interfere with national sovereignty of many member countries but with good reasons. The member countries entrust some of their national sovereignty elements to the union. These are the areas that are specified by the treaty and that the countries would like to work on together. As a result, a pool of European sovereignty is created. The benefits cut across the social economic spectrum of the member countries; Flourishing democracy, expanded markets, cooperation on immigration and ease in doing business thanks to the Euro are some of the benefits EU member states have been able to enjoy. Besides the European Parliament, the European court and other democratic institutions, democracy is anchored in the foundation of the union. Many nations in the union are thriving democracies unlike the period after the Second World War when Europe was disjointed. This is in part because of the requirement for all members to strengthen their democratic institutions before joining. Growth of democracy is especially marked in countries like Spain, Greece and the former communist states, now part of the union. Countries joining the EU are required to abolish the death penalty in order to be compatible with EU membership. The abolition is a major victory for human rights campaigners in the region who have lon g seen the practice as barbaric and backward. The countries therefore have been forced to amend their legal statutes, as the treaty requires a typical though small effect on their sovereignty. With a population of over half a billion, the EU forms the world’s largest internal market and the world’s largest trading block. The treaty provides for the formation of an internal market without frontiers to enable free movement of goods, services and capital for all member countries. Countries within the EU who previously faced major obstacles in exporting their products can now do so with ease, thanks to the opened borders between member states. Free movement of labor too has made it easier for experts who could not secure jobs in their countries to get them elsewhere within the union.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The US has been grappling with a thorny issue of immigration. The same picture is replicated in Europe though on a smaller scale. Initially before the union was in place, illegal immigration to and from European countries dogged many states. However, the cooperation on immigration policy as defined by the EU treaty has ensured less immigration problems within the member countries. On another front, the European countries can confront illegal immigration especially from Africa and Asia as a bloc as opposed to the single approaches that were employed before the union came to place. The formation of the Euro too contributes to ease in doing business. Some European countries initially pegged their currencies to the dollar but the Euro has actually provided an alternative to the dollar not only in Europe but internationally. Countries were able to overcome business problems associated with currency fluctuation. EU citizens can now travel through out the continent except the UK to conduct business without first going through curre ncy exchange procedures. The above economic benefits have helped the block’s economy to grow faster as projected. Though the EU may not achieve its goal of equaling the US economy by 2010, it is on course to achieve the target, all due to the ceding of sovereignty of the member states to pursue integrated economic policies. This essay on The European Union as an intergovernmental organization was written and submitted by user ProfessorMonster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Shakespeare Quotes on Tragedy

10 Shakespeare Quotes on Tragedy Shakespeares plays have contributed some of the most famous quotes from all of literature, and none are more memorable than those from his tragedies, probably  the best place to find quotes on tragedy. There is debate over which of his plays are tragedies- Troilus and Cressida sometimes is included, for example- but here is the best-remembered tragic quote from each of the bards plays usually placed in the tragedy  category: Quotes From Shakespeares Tragedies Romeo and JulietNo, tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church door; but tis enough, twill serve.  Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man. I am peppered, I warrant, for this world. A plague o both your houses!(Mercutio,  Act 3, Scene 1)HamletTo be, or not to be- that is the question:Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them.(Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1)MacbethIs this a dagger which I see before me,The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee!I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.Art thou not, fatal vision, sensibleTo feeling as to sight? or art thou butA dagger of the mind, a false creationProceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?(Macbeth, Act 2, Scene 1)Julius CaesarO conspiracy,Shamst thou to show thy dangerous brow by night,When evils are most free?(Brutus, Act 2, Scene 1)OthelloO, beware, my lord, of jealousy!It is the green-eyed monster, w hich doth mockThe meat it feeds on.(Iago, Act 3, Scene 3) King LearNothing will come of nothing.(King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1)Antony and CleopatraLet Rome in Tiber melt  and the wide archOf the ranged empire fall. Here is my space.Kingdoms are clay; our dungy earth alikeFeeds beast as man. The nobleness of lifeIs to do thus; when such a mutual pairAnd such a twain can dot.(Antony, Act 1, Scene 1)Titus AndronicusVengeance is in my heart, death in my hand,Blood and revenge are hammering in my head.(Aaron, Act 2, Scene 3)CoriolanusLike a dull actor now,I have forgot my part, and I am out,Even to a full disgrace.(Coriolanus, Act 5, Scene 3)Timon of AthensHere lies a wretched corpse, of wretched soul bereft;Seek not my name. A plague consume you wicked caitiffs left!Here lie I, Timon, who alive all living men did hate.Pass by and curse thy fill, but pass, and stay not here thy gait.(Alcibiades, Act 5, Scene 4)

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students

7 Helpful Time Management Activities for College Students Time management is probably one of the most important skills for surviving and thriving in college - and in life. Its a wonder more schools dont include it as a class for freshmen. Juggling classes, labs, study time, work, exercise, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, parties, and sleep is a major challenge. These tips will help you create an organized life so you can succeed at everything you do! 1. Use a Planner Whether its an app or a plain old spiral notebook, a planner is essential for keeping track of your schedule. Dont make the mistake of telling yourself youll remember it all. Use only one system, and write down everything - including time to sleep and time to play! 2. Determine Your Priorities Speaking of sleep and play, some people need more of some activities than others. Effective time management depends on your bodys needs, your personal values, and your ability to prioritize. If you can get by on six hours of sleep, thats great. But if you know you need at least eight hours in order to function, dont even pretend that six will work. 3. Go to Class First of all, youre probably paying top dollar for those classes. Second, trying to make up for what you have missed almost always takes longer than the actual class would have. Borrowing notes and doubling up on assignments is a pain. So save yourself time and trouble and go. Go in your pajamas and shades if you have to. Just show up. And some instructors give attendance points, so why not maximize your grade just by breathing in the right room? 4. If At First You Dont Succeed†¦ If you try using a planner and it doesnt work for you, dont give up. Try something else. The cold, hard truth of modern adult life is that you have to get in the habit of scheduling your day. Theres just too much going on to wing it without missing something. Find the system that works for you. It doesnt have to be the hottest thing on the market. You might do better by downgrading your system to something simpler. 5. Leave Some Room Remember that you need time to commute between activities, use the bathroom, grab a drink, and so forth. Dont sandwich things so tightly that you have no room to breathe. Include time cushions between appointments as much as you can. Youll also want to block out large chunks of free time to accommodate those unexpected things, such as a midnight fast-food run or Game of Thrones or True Detective marathon. 6. Just Say No You cant do it all and expect to get good grades and graduate on time. Once in a while, youre going to have to turn down a party in favor of sleep, or a workout in favor of extra study time. Remember those priorities we talked about earlier? Write them down if you have to. Number them in order of importance. Then, when faced with two choices, youll easily know what to do. You may not always make the best choice, but most of the time, youll be able to stick to your guns. 7. Plan for Next Semester You can try to arrange next semesters class schedule to suit you better. If you spent most of the current semester hitting Snooze or skipping those 8 a.m. classes, do everything you can to avoid early morning courses. And if you ended up with weird chunks of time between classes that were too short to do anything productive, try to schedule next semesters courses back to back. Get them all out of the way, and then youll be left with larger chunks of time that are more flexible for your needs. Tell your advisor about your priorities, and he or she can help you work out an ideal class plan. Time management doesnt have to be a drag. Once you go through this list and get in the habit of planning, it will become second nature. And youre sure to see an improvement in your grades and your overall quality of life.

Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example The report refers to areas the group performed very well while others it required to improve. The plan has ensured that the location and date are secured. In the plan, the venue for the event has been established at the University of Greenwich Council Room. The place has extra benefits it can host all the participants and provide for an allowance for additional participants. The room has also been booked to avoid inconvenience when the event starts. The date has also been set to be held on 10 June 2014, and the event runs from 2-7pm. In addition, all speakers have been contacted to confirm availability. The planners have also obtained catering and accommodation facilities to the participants, who are fifty. The plan has also ensured that there is flexibility in increase in the number of participants and allocated an additional budget of ten people (Bramwell, 1997, p.67), (Allen, 2009, p.180). The plan has also detailed on who is responsible for the budget as GOPIO and the stakeholders. It has established the site of potential expenditure and income, and then they created a framework to monitor the budget. A control mechanism was set maximize revenue but minimize costs. The selection of members was done according to abilities and competence on managing and planning (Ash and Dabija, 2000, p.35). The group initially comprised of inexperienced people that inconvenienced the event planning because the event is large and was a high profile event that required high expertise in planning. However, a selection of experienced group members was made to allow easier planning and members had to resolve their differences in order to continue with the work (Abbott and Geddie, 2000, p.77). In the planning committee, the members acknowledge the importance of unity in the process. A disunited planning committee has conflicts that may lead to the process to collapse (Shone and Parry, 2004, p.7). Group members learn to listen, understand each other, and respect the

Reading response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reading response - Article Example These are people who look at issues beyond the boundaries of their country. Through movement of people from one part of the world to the other, globalization has changed the photography sector. The images being produced reflect the global culture. In addition, they are now influenced by culture of other people in the world. Initially, photographers only concentrated on local culture. However, with the expanding dimensions, things have changed. Photography is now trying to make changes on the whole world. Through new opportunities created by internet and social media, photographers are now able to reach a large number of people who emanates from different religions, culture, and races. The diversity aspects must therefore, be well represented in the overall product. In my opinion, the art has become of age with sharing of ideas. Criticizing art and creating sculptures and paintings of controversial persons in global society is a representation of diverse views. Some might support the art while other might not. Globalization comes with respect of diversity. As a result, the work of Hugo is a representation of

Comparison of SMEs in India and the UK

Comparison of SMEs in India and the UK Chapter 1: Introduction: Background of study: Small businesses have been the soul of every economy in the world. India and UK have also been thriving on the performance of this sector. The performance of the sector is highly influenced by the government policies and the availability of finance. Purpose of Study: In this study, the author investigates the performance of the Small and Medium Enterprises in India and UK. The contribution of this sector to the society on the whole. This study focuses on the importance of the SME sector in both the countries from the point of view of its contributions to the economy. This study evaluates the importance of financing activities and the Government policies in order to support and nurture the growth of this very powerful sector. Overall Aim and Objectives of Research: The overall aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Government and financial institutions in the development of the small and medium enterprises in India (Developing country) and UK (Developed country.) Objectives: Problems faced by the SME sector in India and UK. Role of Government policies in India and UK. Role of financial institutions in providing better financing options to the sector. Background of SMEs: Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are one of the principal driving forces in economic development. This sector has been recognised as growth engine around the globe. A healthy and vibrant SME sector contributes in a high and sustainable economic growth. They encourage private ownership and entrepreneurial skills, they are flexible and can adapt quickly to changing market demand and supply situations. They provide employment opportunities to the masses, help diversify economic activity and make a significant contribution to exports thereby increasing foreign trade. Small and medium enterprises have been defined in various ways in different countries. In India, it is known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) which is defined in terms of investment required. The MSMEs include all the enterprises in which the total investment does not exceed more than Rs. 50 million. The European Commission defines SMEs on the basis of the work force employed, total turnover of the business and the balance sheet total. In the US, the criteria for recognition is based on the work force employed. The main factors which give a firm the status of SME are employment and investment in fixed assets. Many economies have acknowledged the need for growth and development of SMEs for industrial restructuring and have formulated national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies. Enterprise helps boost productivity, increased competition and innovation, thereby creating employment and prosperity, and revitalizing the communities. SMEs contribution to the foreign trade has been ever increasing. During the last decade, there has been a considerable increase in the foreign trade arising from the products of these SMEs. The open trade policy has been a great success. The policy makers in developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and many other South Asian countries have been continuously reviewing their policies to help the functioning of these SME units. Chapter 2: Research Methodology: Research is defined as an activity which is undertaken in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing knowledge (Saunders, et al, 2003). As the definition says, it is important that the study is carried on in a systematic ways which means the study should be logical and should be carried by systematic interpretation of data. (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). According to Saunders, et al, (2003) the research should highlight the following features: Data used for study should to be collected systematically. Data should be interpreted systematically. The research should be carried out with the intension to draw a conclusion. According to Williman (2001), research is not merely collection of facts or information without any purpose. The research should relate to collection of facts and information with a specific purpose. The reassembling or restructuring of facts and figures without any interpretation also is not termed as research. A proper research should be a mixture of facts and figures being interpreted and should provide an answer to the research question. The data is of two types depending on the source from where it is obtained. Primary data is the data which is obtained by the researcher for some specific questions. It includes interview of the object of study. The answers are then observed closely to draw a conclusion. Secondary data is the data which is obtained from literature review and the internet. The gathering and analysis of primary data adds value to the dependability of the results of the research, in my chosen topic of study there are not enough opportunities within the time and reach of the researcher to resort to research methods of interviews or survey through questionnaires, since the firms are widely scattered and the small and medium enterprises in India dont disclose their secrets to anyone. Hence, the data used is secondary data which is available through internet and through various government publications. There is a lot of literature on the selected topic; they can be treated as trusted source of data to carry on the research. The essential research principles while using the secondary sources are Qualitative and Quantitative approach to research, out of which this research paper uses the qualitative and descriptive approach to conclude the research question. Therefore the secondary research has been used for completing the study. Limitation of Study: I have tried my level best to produce this report to be as fruitful as it can be but there are some serious limitations that this study suffers. There is a lack of study and not many scholarly articles are available on the problems faced by the Small and Medium Enterprises in India and UK. There are many articles which describe the importance of this sector. I had to take the use of various print media and internet sources of government portal in order to draft down the problems faced by them. Also, the grants and government policies that are provided are in exhaustive; hence the study focuses on only the main grants and policies which have contributed largely to the sector. The small and medium enterprises sector is very huge and widely scattered, which comes as a constraint to collect primary data for the study. Chapter 3: Literature Review Role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): SME have an important role in a countrys economic development and growth and also have been achieving the same kind of progress over the last couple of years. India as an example shows the importance of SMEs towards the growth of the economy and the employment generated with the help of labor intensiveness and thus, bringing efficient distribution of resources through labor intensive production. This segment also helps in lightening poverty and sustaining growth. Equal distribution of income also comes into picture thereof. And all this happens when the scarcity of capital exists. (Das, K. (2006)) Some of the characteristics of this typeof policy include formation of multi-storied and flatted industrial estates for micro industries, liberal floor spaces index in plotted development of 1.5 to 1.75 for industrial sheds and 2.5 for multi-storied industrial units, 50% rebate on stamp duty and registration charges for micro and small enterprises in industrial estates and industrially backward areas. Globalization has made possible the fragmentationof all forms of production of goods and servicesacross countries and enterprises. Where large players go for a different form of business models which includes bringing alongtheir traditional partners, suppliers or distributors at a different level, SMEs are experiencing a new form of functioning in the value chain byevolving from a traditional manufacturer in the domestic market to that of an international partner. SMEs undergo the effects, both positive and negative, of outsourcing led restructuring of production at the international level. Because of the advantage of their flexible nature of operations, SMEs face lot many opportunities in the form of the demand for new products and services. But the things get a little nasty when theinadequate availability of managerial and financial resources, lack of working capital, innovation and personnel training come into picture. (Das, K. (2006)). The Indian Small Scale Sector- An Overview: A SSI in India is defined as a unit where investment in plant and machinery, either in the terms of ownership or lease, does not exceed Rs. 10 million. In the same way, micro enterprises or the so called tiny units does not have investment in them to be exceeding more than Rs. 2.5 million. The Small Scale Industries of India have a fortune of have been built through enterprise, dynamism and renewal. Since the end of the colonial rule, India has re-established itself and has transformed itself from 80,000 units to 3.3 million. The last decade of the 20th century showed steadiness. This sector of SSIs alone contributes 7 % of GDP in India. (Sahu, P.P. (2005)). Market liberalization and de-regulation are the two forces behind SMEschanging their business strategies for survival and growth. These changes have particularly been in the terms of acquiring quality certifications, creation of e-business modules, diversification to meet competition, etc. SMEs involvement in the foreign trade has to be supported by Globalization, Liberalization and WTO for the benefit of access to markets, technology, skills, finance infrastructure and tax-friendly environment. (Ecotec Research Consulting (2004)). Production and Investment in SMEs: There has been an extraordinary 18% growth in the production at current prices of SMEsin FY07 as compared to the previous years15.8% thereby bringing a rise to Indias GDP to 15.5% during the year. The growth in the production has been there because ofconducive policy measures, growing domestic consumption, export market, improving production methods, technology, etc. SMEs did maintain equal growth rate in respect of the industrial sector during the FY03-07 with a growth of CAGR of 17%. (Sahu, P.P. (2005)). The SME sector has also reported growth higher that the overall manufacturing sector. The sector does not only provide output in the form of final goods but also capital goods which further form the input to heavy industries. The table below is indicative of the growth of SMEs in the Indian economy. The SMEs in India: Present Scenario: As quoted by Business World, Jan. 2007, small companies seems to have been performed much better as compared to their larger equivalents as between 2001-06, net companies with net turnover of Rs. 1 Crore 50 Crores had a higher growth rate of 701 per cent as compared to 169 per cent for large companies with turnover of over Rs. 1,000 Crore. (1 Crore Rupees is equal to 10 Million USD). The all time high of Rs. 1, 89,200 Crores of total SSI production reached in 1989-90 dramatically dropped in the next 10 years and increased later only 2001-02. After that, the production growth increased at a much greater pace in terms of units, production, employment and exports. (Ecotec Research Consulting (2004)). Currently, some of the SMEs, mostly ancillaries and export-oriented, are acquiring companies abroad as part of the Globalization process, catering to the needs of global manufacturers and suppliers like in Auto Industry. Some of these units have also invested in RD globally and taking help of outsourcing, in the fields of manufacturing and services, to emerge as a global leader because of the factors such as labor-intensive manufacturing, lower transport costs, lenient labor policies of the small scale sector. The next step to this would be a government initiative providing a risk-free environment, start-up capital, technology and training updates. No matter the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act, 2006, which has been passed by the Government with the help of 300 industrial associations, many government departments and lot many stake holders, is a legal framework for providing capital investment to this sector, but the implementation of it involves a lot many agencies to come to gether and achieve it jointly. (Government of India (2005) The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act, 2006: The Government of India passed The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act in June 2006 after wide consultation with more than 300 industry associations, different government departments and multiple stake-holders across the country. The Act is geared towards promotion and enhancing the competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The Act tries to accomplish many long standing demands of multi stakeholders in the MSME sector. Another issue was the lending facilities to SMEs but as the mindset of the banks seems to change because of entry of large no. of private banks, which in turn led to increased competition and multiple financial options, the increased lending to the SMEs is actuated because of the compulsion from the market and the expansion of the companies. The lending to SMEs from the banks grew by 69% between 2000-01 and 2005-06. (Government of India (2005)). The UK SME Sector: The UKs SME sector forms the business backbone no matter it may be the restaurant or the web designer, by providing over 33% of the GDP and over 50% of employment. There are 3.6 million SMEs but 99.5% employ less than 200 people. Every year around 175,000 businesses register themselves for VAT and most of them survive by the end of the first year but, then onwards mortality rate takes hold and by the end of the third year approximately one third have failed. As per R3, the association of Business Recovery Professionals, as on one case, the worst places to start business would be Peterborough, Sunderland, Manchester, Bolton and Belfast with the highest failure rates, on the other hand, Llandrindod Wells, Truro, Southwest London, Guilford and Carlisle had the lowest failure rates. The failures occur because of the management failing to protect margins thus increasing its responsibility to 50%. Because of this Academy of Business Consultants believe that the founders of these businesses need the best assistance. (Sandesara, J.C. (1993)). The Qualitative Challenge: The World Banks `Doing Business 2007 Report places UK in the ninth position out of 175 in the world for starting a business. But when it comes to enforcing contracts, employing workers, and dealing with licenses, then it is not a rosy picture, as they are ranked as 22nd, 17th and 46th respectively. This led for a need of change in the current status of SMEs. (Kondaiah, C. (2007)). SME growth: the stylized facts: The international data available also claims that smaller and younger businesses experience wider variations in growth as compared to their larger and mature counterparts. However, only a bunch of these smaller and younger businesses account for bulk of employment, output or sales and producing spectacular growth fighting through the competitors. Keeping a sense of proportion: Apart from all this, the factors like innovation and economic activity still forms to be a disadvantage for the SMEs side. In the European Union it has recently been estimated that the mean share in activity of the largest four enterprises across a large sample of industries and countries was 20% with a maximum of 87%. These ratios appear to have been rising rather than falling in recent decades. (Kondaiah, C. (2007)). SMEs are generally backbone of the Industry. Napoleon said that British are a nation of shopkeepers. He was right much as Britain and a nation small and Medium sized enterprises.(Sandesara,J.C 1993) In the UK the Large enterprise consist of 1% and the rest 99% is small enterprises. If we consider the total working population that is 30million out of that 14.3 million is employed by SMEs. The GDP growth of U.K is 7.4% which would be impossible without the growth of the SMEs as disclosed by BERR. U.K SMEs account for 1.8 trillion pound GDP despite being half the picture of the whole industry. The UK Public sector which contributes up to 1/3rd of the total UK economy attracts strong political focus. This makes the UK SME sector to be considered as fragmented and also at times ignored. But the SME sector is of vital importance as it provides to be the stepping stone for the other large enterprises to be. According to the BERR statistics for 2007, the Small and Medium Enterprises which employ more than 100 employees but fewer than 200, employs 4.4% of the total working population but contributes 5.6% of the total UK GDP. The small enterprises are outperformed by the medium enterprise s in this context. Also, the enterprises that employ more than 50 employees but less than 100 also employ 4.4% of the workforce with an overall contribution of 5.7% to the total UK GDP. There is a lot of evidence that proves that the UK economy thrives on the performance of the SMEs and that with an improvement in the performance of this sector will benefit the improvement of the UK economy on the whole. There is a need for the Government to work closely with the sector to develop the sector and also for rapid growth of the UK economy. The SMEs, mostly ancillaries and export-oriented, are acquiring companies abroad as part of the Globalization process, catering to the needs of global manufacturers and suppliers like in Auto Industry. Some of these units have also invested in RD globally and taking help of outsourcing, in the fields of manufacturing and services, to emerge as a global leader because of the factors such as labor-intensive manufacturing, lower transport costs, lenient labor policies of the small scale sector. The next step to this would be a government initiative providing a risk-free environment, start-up capital, technology and training updates. No matter the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act, 2006, which has been passed by the Government with the help of 300 industrial associations, many government departments and lot many stake holders, is a legal framework for providing capital investment to this sector, but the implementation of it involves a lot many agencies to come together and achieve it jointly. (Government of India (2005) Measuring innovation: Any attempt to assess innovative activity and performance must begin with the definition of suitable metrics. These usually fall into the two categories of input and output measures. Inputs usually include expenditure on RD, and measures of the staff employed in RD. Output measures include patents and measures of the incidence of product, process and logistic innovations. Distinctions can also be drawn between innovation new to the firm, (which may be diffusing from a de novo innovation activity in another firm), and more novel innovation which is new to the firm and to the industry. Each of these may lead to measures of innovation intensity in terms of innovation counts, as well as measures based on the distribution of sales by novelty of product or service innovation. Broadly speaking there are two approaches to obtaining data on innovation outputs. There is evidence to suggest that the object approach underestimates the innovative activity of smaller firms, in particular diffusion or incremental activity which the object approaches may overlook (OECD (1992)). The CBR has pioneered the subject approach in relation to UK data for SMEs and consequently its work directly complements UK Office for National Statistics data collected for CIS2, which has along with many EU countries limited coverage of the smallest firms (Cosh, Hughes ands Wood (1998)).The discussion in the rest of this paper draws on data based on the subject approach. Innovation in the EU In reporting innovation activity in the EU this paper relies on the results of the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS2), of 1997/1998, from which charts 1 to 6 are drawn (Cosh and Hughes (2001)). Twelve European States took part in the survey (all EU Member States except Denmark, Greece, Italy and Portugal, plus Norway). The survey was intended to cover allenterprises in manufacturing with 20 or More employeesand all service enterprises with 10 or more employees. These can be split into three size bands small (10 to 49 employees), medium (50 to 249 employees) and larger (250 or more employees). This allows a comparison of innovation activity by broad sector and size over the three-year period 1995-7. The results of CIS2 reveal that innovation activity rises with enterprise size in the EU as a whole which also shows that the result holds for both Manufacturing and Services. In the specific sense that the proportion of enterprises reporting one or more product or process innovations rise with size classes it seems that bigger is better. These results are at an aggregate EU level; it is instructive to disaggregate them by country, as well as size. To do this and to illustrate the relative innovative activity of the small firms in the UK the following charts 2-6 rank countries in terms of innovation performance of small firms, weaker countries are at the left and performance rises as we move to the right. Successive charts report on the proportion of product or process innovating enterprises in manufacturing, and the proportion of product innovators in manufacturing. The same measures are then shown for services, and then the final two charts report on the proportion of novel product innovators in manufacturing, and the proportion turnover due to new or improved products. Taken together these charts reveal that UK small firms are ranked in the top 4 in Europe in Manufacturing, and in the top 5 in Europe in Services. Moreover an inspection of the column pattern for medium and larger firms also reveals that UK small fir ms do better relatively than UK large firms and especially better than medium firms. In that comparative sense smaller is better. Analysis of innovation constraints and the innovation/ performance link using CBR survey results In order to probe behind these results and in particular to examine patterns of innovation constraints and the innovation/performance link we can use the results of the regular CBR biennial survey of SMEs in the UK. These cover 2500 enterprises in Manufacturing and Business Services employing between 1 and 500 employees. The latest results are based on the 4th survey of 1999. The surveys generate subject-based data on innovation inputs and outputs and over 200 company specific variables on enterprise structure and performance. (A full discussion of the dataset and the results summarized here can be found in Cosh and Hughes (1998) and Cosh and Hughes (2000a)). To conclude, we have substantial matter to prove that UK economy is supported by SME and that encouraging them and working with them will bring a positive effect on the UK economy. Chapter 4: SMEs: An Overview Contribution of SMEs: SMEs are the backbone or the key drivers of the industrial economy. They can also be described as the engines of growth of the industrial sector. Although they are individually small, collectively they play a multiplayer role in the development of an economy. They have a multiplayer impact in developed as well as developing economies. The main USP of SMEs is low cost production i.e. the ability to manufacture low volumes profitably, meet niche requirements, capitalize on local skills and resources, provide outsourcing opportunities and most importantly create jobs. The sector has been consolidating over the years. What is new is the articulation and recognition of this process and its pump priming role. Therefore national SME policies, programmes and enterprise development policies have been formulated to support smooth working of SMEs and to overcome major obstacles such as lack of legislation, promotion and infrastructure. This can be done in the form of promotion programmes, positive discrimination hand holding and advocacy. Policy initiatives seek to highlight basic SME skills in low cost production. SMEs have an impressive presence in service industry ranging from the simple and traditional organisations to the most modern and hi-tech ones. SMEs contribute not only in terms of quantitative factors such as output, employment, income, investment or exports but also in terms of qualitative factors viz the synergies they promote with large industry, their contribution towards balanced regional growth, their contribution in nurturing entrepreneurial spirit, innovation and in providing a nationwide pool of skilled and trained manpower. While the comparative advantage of SMEs are well acknowledged, SMEs also have their share of pros and cons which prevent them from realising their full potential. They have to face some problems such as lack of proper guidance in the initial stages, lack of funds in the times of crisis, lack of proper marketing strategies, stiff competition from big players, lack of access to latest technology, no proper infrastructure etc. Therefore, although new SMEs are emerging very rapidly worldwide, the number of SMEs closing down every year is also very high. Also because of the twin forces of globalization and free trade policy of WTO, there is a serious threat to the SMEs sector. It will have to reorient and reinvent itself to overcome these challenges. This can be done by restructuring the small scale organisations, and if nothing works, they have to be closed down. Closures are undesirable but sometimes they are advisable from the resource allocation point of view. Thus the high rate of entries and exits reflect the dynamic nature of this sector and also explains why it is seen as an industrial incubator. As mentioned earlier, SMEs play a very important role in the development of an economy, especially from the employment point of view. They are very effective for the generation of employment for both skilled as well as unskilled workers. Therefore labour extensive countries should opt for SMEs. Even the underdeveloped or developing countries which are capital intensive and labour extensive, SMEs can be a great help. There has been increasing growth of SMEs worldwide in the recent past. The government of the developed and developing economies have been formulating policies which promote smooth working of the SMEs. SMEs have contributed significantly in the developed as well as developing countries. In the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland there are more than 16 million enterprises; of which less than 1% comprise large companies while the rest are SMEs. Two thirds of the job opportunities are provided by SMEs in this region and the remaining one third of the job opportunities are by large companies. SMEs are considered the backbone of Asia Pacific region as they account for 90% of enterprises. They provide around 32% 48% of employment and their contribution to Gross Domestic Product is around 60% 80% in individual Asia Pacific economies. Even in the United States, SMEs contribute greatly. It contributed at around 43% of the net employment opportunities from 1990 1994.SMEs are considered the engine of economic growth in both developed and developing countries not only because of low cost production but also because of low unit cost of persons employed as compared to large scale enterprises. Thus they provide a significant share of overall employment. Also SMEs assist in local and regional development by regional dispersion of economic activities, thus helps achieving fair and equitable distribution of wealth. SMEs not only contribute towards the GDP but also towards the export revenues. Although SMEs are at a disadvantage in terms of finance, technology, human resource development and networking; SMEs involved in foreign trade are very dynamic. This may be due to its low-cost labour intensive nature of its products; and since these units generally use indigenous raw-materials; they have a positive effect on the trade balance. For example, SMEs in OECD member states produce about 26% of OECD countries exports, and about 35% of Asian exports. Also SMEs increase flexibility in the provision of services and the manufacture of a variety of consumer goods and competitiveness of the market place and thereby curb monopoly of large enterprises. All this leads to fostering of self-help and entrepreneurial culture by bringing together skills and capital through various lending and skill enhancement schemes. Thus SMEs not only enables an economy to maintain a reasonable growth rate but also imparts resilience to withstand economic upheavals. Chapter 5: Indias SME scenario: The Indian Small and Medium enterprises sector formally known as the Small Scale Industries (SSI) has had a notable importance since the period of Mahatma Gandhi. SSIs were set up in the rural parts of India with a view to inculcate the habit of self reliance amongst the people. Later on, after independence, the SSI units were an important source of income to the people of India. Indian policy makers had noticed the importance of this self reliant industry and had always been striving hard for their progress. After achieving independence in 1947, India drafted and adopted the Industrial Policy of 1948 which meant that the government would act as both an entrepreneur and also as a governing body. With the beginning of the planning of a free India in 1951, the role of SMEs has been earmarked specially. In its industrial policy, the government started announcing special schemes for the growth of the SMEs in India. It was in 1956, during the Second Five Year Plan that the government announced the Second Industrial Policy, clearly stating the importance of the SME sector. This gave an impetus to the development of SMEs in a manner that made it possible for them to achieve the objectives of: High contribution to domestic production. Significant export earnings. Low investment requirements. Operational flexibility. Low intensive imports. Capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology. Import substitution. Technology-oriented industries. Competitiveness in domestic and export markets Today, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the ladder of progress for a nations economy, especially in case of developing countries. They contribute handsomely to the exports, the industrial base, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP) of the nation. Small and medium enterprises help provide employment and various facilities to the society. In 2006, the Government of India passed an Act known as the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Act (MSMEDA), 2006 to define SME sector of India. This Act defines micro, small and medium enterprises in India on the basis type of sector namely manufacturing and the service sector. In case of manufacturing sector, the size of the enterprise is decided on the basis of investment in plant and machinery. In case of service sector enterprise, the size is decided on the basis of investment in equipment required to set up the industry. Strategic Importance of Indian SMEs: In Indian economy, the SMEs occupy a place of strategic importance due to its contribution to the overall output, exports and employment. The total number of SMEs has been increasing rapidly. The total number of registered enterprises has been around 3million and has been increasing at an even fas

Capitalism and Individualism in Robinson Crusoe Essay

In popular imagination Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe has become an adventure story for children, for which the original novel is not responsible, but the abridged and bowdlerized versions must be blamed. A close reading of the original text reveals a novel of enormous significance. In many ways the novel can be said to be defining the modern citizen of capitalistic society. It is also widely regarded as being the first modern novel. In fact this latter claim is not unrelated to the previous proposition. The modern novel is not only a mirror to the modern psyche, but also bears an organic relationship to it. A general proposition is that literature was the means by which the modern psyche came into being, and the modern novel is particularly instrumental in this sense. In this regard Robinson Crusoe not only sets the agenda of modern capitalism and individualism, but was also a key phenomenon that helped bring about its realization. The German sociologist Weber made the observation that the character of Robinson Crusoe was the ideal example of the Protestant work ethic in action (118). In his desert island isolation Crusoe makes the discovery of God, and establishes personal communion with Him through his newly found faith and the aid of the Bible. Therefore he is the quintessential Protestant. Weber’s general thesis was that the Protestant nurtures an ascetic relationship to work. In the absence of supporting church and societal structures, the Protestant falls upon his worldly activity to express his devotion. According to the doctrines set out by Luther and Calvin, the Protestant establishes a personal communion with God, justified by his faith in Jesus Christ as the Savior, and in the Bible as the word of God. This was the doctrine of â€Å"justification by faith†. It necessitated that the Protestant maintain an intense relationship to work, this being the only means by which to establish piety and purposefulness. This is what Weber calls the Protestant work ethic. There is no doubt that Robinson Crusoe exemplifies this principle. The overriding characteristic of the Protestant is his isolation and individualism. In normal circumstances we would think of a Protestant as spiritually isolated. But in Crusoe’s tale this isolation is magnified and made tangible. He is physically isolated from society, marooned on a desert island, and his spiritual isolation comes in tandem. He discovers God in the worst depths of his despair, and it is a discovery born purely of his own life circumstances, and the signs that God has transmitted to him therein. He comes to God in complete isolation, with his own experience and the words of the Bible alone pointing the way. The rest of the novel can be seen as his continuing conversation with God. On Crusoe’s part the conversation is carried out through a constant strengthening of faith, along with diligence in his work to maintain himself on the island. The responses of God are to be read in the improving circumstances of Crusoe, as he gradually becomes more and more master of his own dominion. This is exactly what the Protestant expects. Salvation is through work, which is a form of piety. Weber’s further contention is that modern capitalism is result of the Protestant work ethic. In the following passage he explains the process whereby religious enthusiasm brings about economic activity: Those mighty religious movements whose significance for economic development lay primarily in their ascetic and educative impact, commonly only exhibited their full economic effect after the high point of purely religious enthusiasm had already been passed; when the convulsive search for the kingdom of God was gradually beginning to dissolve into sober, vocational virtue, the religious root was slowly dying out and giving way to utilitarian worldliness. (Ibid) Diligence was the prime virtue of the Puritan from the very beginning, even though it did not appear to be capitalistic at first. In the early days, after the Protestant Reformation, much of the Puritan zeal was transmitted into revolutionary activity. The English Civil War, the overcoming of monarchy, the uprooting of the old aristocratic order, the annulment of organized religion, all this stemmed from Puritan zeal. Eventually the Whigs, the moderate Protestants, took over the reins of power and began to persecute the Puritans in turn for their zeal. In time the religious enthusiasm mellowed and was channeled, as Weber describes, into â€Å"sober, vocational virtue†. Utilitarian worldliness was only the end product of this evolution, and in which form we recognize it as modern capitalism. Weber goes on to cite the Shakespearean scholar Edward Dowden, who places Defoe’s novel at exactly this point of sociological transition. It was where â€Å"Bunyan’s ‘Pilgrim’, hurrying past ‘Vanity Fair’, filled with his lonely inward striving after the kingdom of heaven, was replaced in the popular imagination by ‘Robinson Crusoe’, the isolated economic man who pursues missionary work on the side† (Ibid). Dowden tends to belittle the religious element as false, and wants to define the character of Crusoe as unflinchingly and ruthlessly capitalistic. Weber, however, does not make this mistake. Religion and worldly diligence go hand and hand, and is an attitude without which capitalism is impossible. Material greed does not deliver capitalism. Only if the profit-making endeavor is undertaken as an act of asceticism is it possible for all the gains to be ploughed back into industry and thereby keep the machine of capitalism in motion. Weber made a thorough analysis of all the major civilizations in order to show that they were not capable of producing capitalism because the ascetic relationship to work was absent. Any tendency in this direction would be defeated by the ills bred by covetousness and greed. Karl Marx was also tempted to jettison the religion of Crusoe and analyze him in terms of being an â€Å"economic man† alone. â€Å"Of his prayers and the like we take no account,† he says, â€Å"since they are a source of pleasure to him, and he looks upon them as so much recreation† (Marx 47). It is a lead followed by many modern economists. For example Peter Mathias describes it as â€Å"a sophisticated myth of the ascent of man, of economic growth by dint of the work ethic, of the imperative of ‘improvement’ and the determination to master nature† (17). It is plain to see why economists are tempted to invade the island of Crusoe. It is because the analysis of economics is restricted to personal needs and their fulfillment. The only cognizance made towards the existence of society is in the introduction of the exchange mechanism, so that the surplus product of one’s labors can be exchanged with that of another’s to mutual benefit. In this process society is minimized and personal needs are maximized. The obsession of the economist is with personal desires, and so he is happy to push society to the distance. In Robinson Crusoe’s plight Defoe has created a situation which attracts the gaze of the economist compulsively. Defoe does not disappoint; along with the religious awakening of Crusoe we are also given a meticulous account of his economic situation. Once set on his task of survival he surveys his situation dispassionately, seeing himself as a creature of needs, placed on an island of limited resources, and his own capacity of labor to transform the resources into products of use, i.e. commodities that are able to meet his needs. He cultivates some land to plant barley and rice. He makes a fishing rod to catch fish from the sea. After a few years of such effort he gets the measure of things and realizes that he should avoid being wasteful. He calculates that he cannot consume more than forty bushels of barley and rice in one year, and settles thus the amount that should be planted for harvest each year. â€Å"I had no competitor, none to dispute sovereignty or command with me: I might have raised ship-loadings of corn, but I had no use for it; so I let as little grow as I thought enough for my occasion† (Defoe 118). But a bad crop one year makes him reproach himself for his laziness, and he duly plans for insurance against future disasters. â€Å"I resolved for the future to have two or three years’ corn beforehand; so that, whatever might come, I might not perish for want of bread† (Ibid 144). But apart from this there is little of economic analysis to be pursued in his situation. This is because, beyond future insurance, he has no need for surplus production, and more importantly, because there is no exchange. After he recovers gold coins from the wreck of the ship he realizes the intrinsic futility of money when it has no exchange value. This has led Rich Whately to comment that â€Å"Robinson Crusoe is in a position of which Political Economy takes no cognizance† (5). While this is true, the fascination for the economist still holds. This is probably because Crusoe exemplifies the inner heart of capitalism, that which political economy tries to overlook or deny. For example, social cost is a concept that has only recently forced its way into the discourse of political economy, and only after degradation of the global environment on a massive scale. But to Crusoe it appears immediately. After he has cut down some wild vines he muses: I thought those beautiful vines and those slender young trees were free goods; they belonged to nobody. I thought the costs were all external. But I didn’t realize that when I cut them down, I would be depriving myself of this intangible source of pleasure. Since I am the only one on the island and will be here for some time then it is clear that I did not correctly evaluate my true costs of production. (Ibid 91). Crusoe also exemplifies the ascetic impulse involved in capitalism, that which totally escapes the scrutiny of political economics. While he has become seemingly immersed into the world, he makes contrary claims, saying that he now sees the world as something remote. â€Å"I had nothing indeed to do with it, nor was ever likely to have, so I thought it looked, as we may perhaps look upon it hereafter – viz. as a place I had lived in, but was come out of it† (Ibid 117). Through his isolation, and his discovery of God, he has found a purpose that lies beyond the confines of the world. If he was yet physically in it, his diligence was but an expression of his piety. Without this otherworldly presence he would be consumed by greed and covetousness. Crusoe is always conscious of the fact that he has escaped these evils by being distanced from society. He sees the hands of Providence in this design, that he should be marooned on a desert island, â€Å"removed from all the wickedness of the world here,† in order that his soul be saved (Ibid). He comes to see the island as a veritable Eden, capable of cleansing sin from anyone who finds himself in his own situation: â€Å"The most covetous, griping miser in the world would have been cured of the vice of covetousness if he had been in my case; for I possessed infinitely more than I knew what to do with† (Ibid 118). Another aspect of modern capitalism is the inalienable rights of the human, which we also find delineated in the novel. Locke has established the concept of human rights on a philosophical basis through his Two Treatises on Government. The premise to his analysis was the individual as an isolated element in society, and therefore he works on the basis of Protestantism. That which Locke derives through philosophy, Defoe presents to us in vivid narrative form through the situation of Robinson Crusoe. The first step is his removal from society, and the second step is his removal from the world, through his discovery of God, and the realization that his diligence is but a means of worshipping God, and beyond this he had no truck with material existence. But the more and more diligent he becomes, therefore, the more and more he strengthens his communion with God, the more and more conscious does he become of his mastery over his own dominion. As Philip Zaleski puts it, â€Å"This conversion does not go unrequited; as Robinson surrenders to God, the island surrenders to him† (40). His purposefulness is otherworldly, but the worldly mark of it is the right of possession that he establishes over his territory. It is part of the conversation that the Protestant establishes with God. If he is justified by his faith, and that alone, God will convey this message to him through his worldly circumstances. In many points of the novel we find Crusoe becoming conscious of his inalienable rights, and marveling at what he possesses by the grace of God. In one guarded moment, while ambling through a scenic valley, he rejoices in his sense of possession: â€Å"I was king and lord of all this country indefensibly, and had a right of possession; and if I could convey it, I might have it in inheritance as completely as any lord of a manor in England† (Defoe 92) This is indeed a novel conception of right, and one that was overtaking the feudal and aristocratic rights of old, rooted in primogeniture. Only through his pious diligence has Crusoe come to possess this piece of land. The example of Crusoe is a microcosm of capitalism staking its right over the commodity products of capitalistic diligence. This sense of mastery and possession eventually extends to people too. He saves a prisoner of the cannibals, who occasionally visit the island to ritually consume their captives. He enslaves him in turn, calls him Friday, converts him to Christianity, and more importantly, teaches him awe towards European civilization, and thereby establishes between them the colonial master-slave relationship. Most modern commentators find this aspect of the novel hard to stomach. James Joyce said of Robinson Crusoe, â€Å"He is the true prototype of the British colonist†¦ The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity† (qtd. in Phillips 33). The feminist critic Ulla Grapard comments that the self-sufficiency of Crusoe is misleading, for it fails to take into account the slavery he imposes on Friday. There is also the suggestion that civilization is the product of European man and his communion with god, with the exclusion of women and others, and therefore â€Å"imposes boundaries separating those who belong in economic discourse from those who do not† (Grapard 33). These are all valid complaints, but fail to take into account that colonialism and male-centeredness are inextricably part of capitalism. Not only the contents of Robinson Crusoe, but the medium itself was a revolutionary phenomenon. The novel form was an innovation that proved ideal to capture the spirit of individualism, as well as portray the plight of the individual in context of capitalistic modernity. According to Chesterton, the novel concerns itself with relationships. He also calls it a feminine medium, because understanding social relationship is the forte of women (39). Many consider Aphra Behn to be the first novelist, who published a generation before Defoe. But Oroonoko does not dissect social relationships to any extent, and is more intent on plain narrative, even though long. When the novel came of age in the Victorian era the female practitioners of the form advanced the medium greatly, among them Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte. But there is good reason to call Robinson Crusoe the first novel, even though it is set far from human society, and therefore cannot deal with human relationships greatly. Defoe’s effort is the first novel because it considers the relationship that precedes all others, which is the relationship between man and God. Because of his physical isolation and instinct for survival, Coleridge saw in the character of Robinson Crusoe â€Å"the universal representative, the person for whom every reader could substitute himself† (qtd. in Keane 51). For a novel to succeed the reader must be able to identify with the protagonist in some way. In the case of Crusoe the reader’s identification is not only universal, but also works at a very fundamental level. Walter Allen call it a dramatization of â€Å"the inescapable solitariness of each man in his relation to God and the universe† (28). It is something that the individual must come to terms with before he can relate to others. Weber contends that Protestantism gave birth to the individual of modern capitalism, and identifies the Protestant work ethic as the means by which this became the social norm. But he fails to recognize the extent to which literature was also the instrument. Even before the advent of the novel literature was thoroughly engaged in the process of creating a â€Å"secular† instrument of creative expression. In the Christian era literature was overwhelmingly devotional, and even then limited by the parameters of Church doctrine. Like Bruno, Savonarola and Galileo, many were the martyrs and victims to the cause of self-expression. With the Protestant Reformation the authority of the Church was overcome, resulting in the emancipation of literature. It did not just express individualism, but was the means by which the individual discovered a new voice. For example, instead of composing paeans to the saints, Ben Jonson wrote flattering poetry aimed at his aristocratic patrons, and meant only for circulation in aristocratic circles. Even when the content was religious there was bound to be a personal or metaphysical element associated, as we find in the poetry of John Donne and George Herbert. The specific genesis of the novel can be traced to the search for scientific clarity and objectivity in literature. The Royal Society of London, apart from fostering scientific experimentation, also encouraged a style of writing that reflected scientific precision. The trend emerged of keeping diaries and journals; such a process was thought to mimic the procedure of scientific and empirical observation. The early members of the Royal Society were avid keepers of diaries, notable among them Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. Diaries of prominent people were published posthumously. These served as the blueprints for the first novels. We notice that in Robinson Crusoe, Defoe is straining to follow the diary format in order to infuse credibility to his tale. There is even a section which is strictly in the diary format, which Defoe abandons after a point, with the excuse that Crusoe had run out of paper and ink. In truth it is a desperate attempt at realism, and Defoe only discards it when he sees that it is impeding the flow of the narrative, and that the last is more important. It must be kept in mind that Robinson Crusoe is not yet a novel, but is striving to become one. The greatest effort is made to camouflage the fictional aspect. The frontispiece of the original edition emblazons the word â€Å"LIFE† from the full title, which reads â€Å"The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner†. To Defoe it was vital that the work be read as autobiography. The desired effect was realism, and to achieve this Defoe employs the style of the diarist. David Marshall comments: â€Å"From the outset, the narrative is preoccupied with autobiography itself as Robinson Crusoe engages in repeated and at times almost compulsive acts of autobiography† (899). Believability and the willingness of the reader to identify with the protagonist is crucial. To the modern novelist this comes naturally, for he creates his characters and immediately engages in their mutual relationships, which makes them both identifiable and believable. But for Defoe such a technique was not to hand. Nor did the circumstances of his protagonist allow for such. He has no option but to strive for realism through the context of autobiography. However, even the most vivid realism would not have made Robinson Crusoe a novel, if it was not for the continuing conversation that Crusoe establishes with God. This is the accidental feature that qualifies this work of literature as a novel. Not only this, but because the relationship that it considers is the most fundamental one, it becomes the protean novel, i.e. that starting point from which all other novels stem. It accomplishes the most difficult task, which is to establish the individual though his relationship with God and the universe. After this all subsequent novels can engage in the simpler task of exploring the relationships between individuals. This is why the mood of the novel is extremely somber throughout. It has led Charles Dickens to comment â€Å"Robinson Crusoe should be the only instance of a universally popular book that could make no one laugh and could make no one cry† (599). It is too serious for the ordinary emotions. Dickens himself wrote novels that made the nation laugh and cry with abandon, and such is what we normally expect from the medium. In conclusion, in Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe has created a character that establishes the individual of modern capitalism. In his circumstance of isolation on a deserted island, and also in his discovery of God therein, Defoe finds the opportunity to demonstrate the Protestant work ethic in action. Through the portrayal of the work ethic we discover the emergence of capitalism and individualism, both advancing in tandem. As Crusoe strengthens his communion with God he discovers his individual self, and at the same time senses more and more his mastery and possession over the island. At the same time we notice the emergence of a new literary form, the novel. It is not only the ideal medium for the expression of capitalistic individualism, but was also historically the means by which it came to be established. Works Cited Allen, Walter Ernest. The English Novel: A Short Critical History. Boston: Dutton, 1955. Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. The Victorian Age in Literature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1966. Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. ICON Group International, 2006. Dickens, Charles. Selected Journalism, 1850-1870. Ed. David Pascoe. New York: Penguin Classics, 1997. Grapard, Ulla. â€Å"Robinson Crusoe: The quintessential economic man?† Feminist Economics.1.1 (March 1995): 33-52. Keane, Patrick J. Coleridge’s Submerged Politics: The Ancient Mariner and Robinson Crusoe. Ann Arbor: University of Missouri Press, 1994. Marx, Karl. Capital: An Abridged Edition. Contributor David McLellan. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999. Marshall, David. â€Å"Autobiographical Acts in Robinson Crusoe.† ELH. 71.4 (Winter 2004): 899-920. Mathias, Peter. â€Å"Economic Growth and Robinson Crusoe.† European Review. 15 (2007): 17-31. Phillips, Richard. Mapping Men and Empire: A Geography of Adventure. London: Routledge, 1997. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the â€Å"Spirit† of Capitalism. Translated by Gordon C Wells, Peter R Baehr. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002. Whately, Rich. Introductory Lectures on Political Economy. 4th ed.; London, 1855. Zaleski, Philip. â€Å"The Strange Shipwreck of Robinson Crusoe.† First Things: A Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life. 53 (May 1995): 38-44.