Nineteenth Century Short Stories and the Gothic Genre Essay

Nineteenth Century Short Stories and the Gothic Genre The three short stories that I have chosen to compare and contrast are: The Signalman by Charles Dickens, An Arrest by Ambrose Bearcy and Napoleon and the Spectre by Charlotte Brontà «. All these stories were completed by the mid to late eighteenth hundreds. The Signalman is set by a railway in Britain, along a lonely stretch of a railway line in a steep cutting. An Arrest is set in America and for the most part in a forest. Napoleon and the Spectre is set in Paris. Gothic genre was one of the leading and most used genres of the nineteenth century and this genre is very prevalent in all three of the stories that I have chosen. The gothic genre originated from South†¦show more content†¦The darkness also gives a sense of mystery to the authors writing. In the glow of an angry sunset, the stranger re-visits the line to see the signalman. The word angry is far from comfortable or romantic. This line also gives an eerie feel to the fading light and gives a feel that suggests that something is must and is about to happen that is dark and evil. An Arrest by Ambrose Bearcy is a story of a murderer who was awaiting his trial, escaped by knocking down his jailer with an iron bar, and went into the forest. It was night and the forest in to which, he entered was renowned for being wild and unsafe. He goes for many a mile and some how manages to exit the forest and finds an old road and on the road there stood the figure of a man, motionless in the gloom. The gothic style protrudes from this line of the novel very clearly and adds to the sense of suspense and fear that is plaguing this scene. The fugitive is almost face to face with the figure of a man, and feels he cannot turn his back for fear of being filled with buckshot, so he stood there like a tree. The fugitive is hoping that if he stands still enough he will become a tree and escape this horror. Until the moon sailed into a patch of unclouded sky, the haunted man saw the visible embodiment of law lift an arm and point significantly beyond him. At which heShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Develoment of the Horror Genre1076 Words   |  5 Page s The term Gothic is significant for the understanding of the origins and development of the horror genre. Both of these genres differ, whilst Gothic literature is the text that explores the frightening extremes in mankind, horror focuses more on the unknown. The Gothic horror genre has changed over time and retains importance because it is the antecedent of the horror genre. Factors such as the definition of the word Gothic, the archetypes of the genre, and its social and historical contexts, haveRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1291 Words   |  6 PagesWhat honestly makes a novel gothic? Is it the madness, the horror or the secrets hidden in the story line that does it? 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The unnamed narrator is so in love with the Lady Ligeia, as she is with him, that her untimely death soon after their marriage was unable to separate them. Ligeia rejoins the narrator in life through the body of another, Lady Rowena Trevanion of Tremaine. Rowena is the secondRead MoreFive Short Stories of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesBarnabà ¡s Kanik Five short stories of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) pioneered many of the most enduring forms of American popular culture, including detective story and the Gothic or sensational tale. I will compare and contrast five short stories of Poe: The Gold-Bug, The Purloined Letter, â€Å"Thou Art the Man†, The Cask of Amontillado and The Pit and the Pendulum. The genre, the purpose and role of the narrator and the parallelism between all of the stories will be examined. 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Electric Discharge Machining Free Essays

string(230) " EDM Electro Discharge Machining \(EDM\) is an electro-thermal non-traditional machining Process, where electrical energy is used to generate electrical spark and material removal mainly occurs due to thermal energy of the spark\." PROJECT REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS INTO ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING USING EN-31 AND HCHCr WORK PIECE GUIDED BY:PROF. RAJESH MADARKAR SUBMITTED BY:ROSE DEE KAMLESH GEHANI SHARDUL AMIN SIDDHESH TIWARI SUVO SUNDAR CHATERJEE VIVEK WARADE DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT KATOL ROAD,NAGPUR-440013 2011-2012 ABSTRACT The correct selection of manufacturing conditions is one of the most important aspects to take into consideration in the majority of manufacturing processes and, particularly, in processes related to Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). It is a capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Electric Discharge Machining or any similar topic only for you Order Now being widely used in die and mold making industries, aerospace, aeronautics and nuclear industries. The objective of this Project Report is to study the influence of operating parameters of pure copper electrode on the machining characteristics such as, material removal rate for work piece material EN-31 and HCHCr ( hardness 20-22 and 55-56) Keywords: EDM; TON; T ; MRR; IP;EN-31;HCHCr Purpose: In this investigation, the effects of various process parameters of sinker EDM like: †¢ pulse on time (TON), †¢ †¢ peak current (IP), Duty Cycle(T) have been investigated to reveal their impact on material removal rate of materials: †¢ EN 31 (Hardness: 20-22) HCHCR (Hardness:20-22) †¢ HCHCR (Hardness:55-56) using one variable at a time approach. The optimal set of process parameters has also been predicted to maximize the material removal rate. . Design/methodology/approach: The experimental studies were performed on ELECTRONICA SPRINTCUT EDM machine. Findings: The material removal rate (MRR) directly increases with increase in pulse on time (TON) upto a certain leve l after that it shows a declining trend and increases directly with peak current (IP) SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Rose dee (12),Mr. Kamlesh gehani (48),Shardul amin(76),Siddhesh tiwari(78),Suvo sundar chaterjee(81),Vivek warade(86) has submitted the project work on INVESTIGATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERS FOR EDM USING EN-31 AND HCHCr WORK PIECE during academic session 2011-2012 under the guidance of PROF. RAJESH MADARKAR as prescribed by Nagpur university and their work has been satisfactory PROJECT GUIDE PROF. RAJESH MADARKAR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PROF. K. N. AGRAWAL PRINCIPAL Dr. V. S. DESHPANDE Acknowledgement Hard work, sincerity and proper guidance that’s what on needs to be successful in life, that is what we have realized working on a project No successful work can ever be the effect of a individual effort. We take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude towards everyone who has been of immense help throughout and till completion of this work. We earnestly express our thankfulness to Prof . Rajesh Madarkar , without whose invaluable guidance the present work would not see light of this day. The work would have been impossible without his co-operation and direction. In spite of being our teacher, his friendly approach has been constant source of inspiration and encouragement. We are really honored to have such a wonderful person as our guide. We are also thankful to the director of Dulocos Conveyors And Moulds Pvt. Ltd Mr. Khalid Husain We are also grateful towards everyone who has directly or indirectly contributed with their lively suggestions to make the project a success. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of EDM The history of EDM Machining Techniques goes as far back as the 1770s when it was discovered by an English Scientist. However, Electrical Discharge Machining was not fully taken advantage of until 1943 when Russian scientists learned how the erosive effects of the technique could be controlled and used for machining purposes. When it was originally observed by Joseph Priestly in 1770, EDM Machining was very imprecise and riddled with failures. Commercially developed in the mid 1970s, wire EDM began to be a viable technique that helped shape the metal working industry we see today. In the mid 1980s. The EDM techniques were transferred to a machine tool. This migration made EDM more widely available and appealing over traditional machining processes. The new concept of manufacturing uses non-conventional energy sources like sound, light, mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrons and ions. With the industrial and technological growth, development of harder and difficult to machine materials, which find wide application in aerospace, nuclear engineering and other industries owing to their high strength to weight ratio, hardness and heat resistance qualities has been witnessed. New developments in the field of material science have led to new engineering metallic materials, composite materials and high tech ceramics having good mechanical properties and thermal characteristics as well as sufficient electrical conductivity so that they can readily be machined by spark erosion. Nontraditional machining has grown out of the need to machine these exotic materials. The machining processes are non-traditional in the sense that they do not employ traditional tools for metal removal and instead they directly use other forms of energy. The problems of high complexity in shape, size and higher demand for product accuracy and surface finish can be solved through non-traditional methods. Currently, non-traditional processes possess virtually unlimited capabilities except for volumetric material removal rates, for which great advances have been made in the past few years to increase the material removal rates. As removal rate increases, the cost effectiveness of operations also increase, stimulating ever greater uses of nontraditional process. The Electrical Discharge Machining process is employed widely for making tools, dies and other precision parts. EDM has been replacing drilling, milling, grinding and other traditional machining operations and is now a well established machining option in many manufacturing industries throughout the world. And is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. being widely used in die and mold making industries, aerospace, aeronautics and nuclear industries. Electric Discharge Machininghas also made its presence felt in the new fields such as sports, medical and surgical, instruments, optical, including automotive RD areas. 1. 2 Introduction of EDM Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is an electro-thermal non-traditional machining Process, where electrical energy is used to generate electrical spark and material removal mainly occurs due to thermal energy of the spark. You read "Electric Discharge Machining" in category "Essay examples" EDM is mainly used to machine difficult-to-machine materials and high strength temperature resistant alloys. EDM can be used to machine difficult geometries in small batches or even on job-shop basis. Work material to be machined by EDM has to be electrically conductive. 1. 3 Principle of EDM In this process the metal is removing from the work piece due to erosion case by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool and work piece. Show the mechanical set up and electrical set up and electrical circuit for electro discharge machining. A thin gap about 0. 025mm is maintained between the tool and work piece by a servo system shown in fig 1. 1. Both tool and work piece are submerged in a dielectric fluid . Kerosene/EDM oil/deionized water is very common type of liquid dielectric although gaseous dielectrics are also used in certain cases. Figure1. 1 Set up of Electric discharge machining This fig. 1. 1 is shown the electric setup of the Electric discharge machining. The tool is made cathode and work piece is anode. When the voltage across the gap becomes sufficiently high it discharges through the gap in the form of the spark in interval of from 10 of micro seconds. And positive ions and electrons are ccelerated, producing a discharge channel that becomes conductive. It is just at this point when the spark jumps causing collisions between ions and electrons and creating a channel of plasma. A sudden drop of the electric resistance of the previous channel allows that current density reaches very high values producing an increase of ionization and the creation of a powerful magnetic field. The moment spark occurs sufficiently pressure developed between work and tool as a result of which a very high temperature is reached and at such high pressure and temperature that some metal is melted and eroded. Such localized extreme rise in temperature leads to material removal. Material removal occurs due to instant vaporization of the material as well as due to melting. The molten metal is not removed completely but only partially As the potential difference is withdrawn as shown in Fig. 1. 2, the plasma channel is no longer sustained. As the plasma channel collapse, it generates pressure or shock waves, which evacuates the molten material forming a crater of removed material around the site of the spark. 1. 4 Types of EDM Basically, there are two different types of EDM: 1. 4. 1) Die-sinking 1. 4. 2) wire-cut. 1. 4. 1Die-sinking EDM In the Sinker EDM Machining process, two metal parts submerged in an insulating liquid are connected to a source of current which is switched on and off automatically depending on the parameters set on the controller. When the current is switched on, an electric tension is created between the two metal parts. If the two parts are brought together to within a fraction of an inch, the electrical tension is discharged and a spark jumps across. Where it strikes, the metal is heated up so much that it melts. Sinker EDM, also called cavity type EDM or volume EDM consists of an electrode and workpiece submerged in an insulating liquid such as, more typically, oil or, less frequently, other dielectric fluids. The electrode and workpiece are connected to a suitable power supply. The power supply generates an electrical potential between the two parts. As the electrode approaches the workpiece, dielectric breakdown occurs in the fluid, forming a plasma channel, and a small spark jumps. These sparks usually strike one at a time because it is very unlikely that different locations in the inter-electrode space have the identical local electrical characteristics which would enable a spark to occur simultaneously in all such locations. These sparks happen in huge numbers at seemingly random locations between the electrode and the workpiece. As the base metal is eroded, and the spark gap subsequently increased, the electrode is lowered automatically by the machine so that the process can continue uninterrupted. Several hundred thousand sparks occur per second, with the actual duty cycle carefully controlled by the setup parameters. 1. 4. 2 Wire-cut EDM Wire EDM Machining (also known as Spark EDM) is an electro thermal production process in which a thin single-strand metal wire (usually brass) in conjunction with de-ionized water (used to conduct electricity) allows the wire to cut through metal by the use of heat from electrical sparks. a thin single-strand metal wire, usually brass, is fed through the workpiece, submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid, typically deionized water. Wire-cut EDM is typically used to cut plates as thick as 300mm and to make punches, tools, and dies from hard metals that are difficult to machine with other methods. Wire-cutting EDM is commonly used when low residual stresses are desired, because it does not require high cutting forces for removal of material. If the energy/power per pulse is relatively low (as in finishing operations), little change in the mechanical properties of a material is expected due to these low residual stresses, although material that hasn’t been stress-relieved can distort in the machining process. Due to the inherent properties of the process, wire EDM can easily machine complex parts and precision components out of hard conductive mate 1. 12 Application of EDM 1. The EDM process is most widely used by the mould-making tool and die industries, but is becoming a common method of making prototype and production parts, especially in the aerospace, automobile and electronics industries in which production quantities are relatively low. 2. It is used to machine extremely hard materials that are difficult to machine like alloys, tool steels, tungsten carbides etc. 3. It is used for forging, extrusion, wire drawing, thread cutting. . It is used for drilling of curved holes. 5. It is used for internal thread cutting and helical gear cutting. 6. It is used for machining sharp edges and corners that cannot be machined effectively by other machining processes. 7. Higher Tolerance limits can be obtained in EDM machining. Hence areas that require higher surface accuracy use the EDM machini ng process. 8. Ceramic materials that are difficult to machine can be machined by the EDM machining process. 9. Electric Discharge Machining has also made its presence felt in the new fields such as sports, medical and surgical, instruments, optical, including automotive R areas. 0. It is a promising technique to meet increasing demands for smaller components usually highly complicated, multi-functional parts used in the field of microelectronics. 1. 13 Advantages of EDM (a) Any material that is electrically conductive can be cut using the EDM process. (b) Hardened workpieces can be machined eliminating the deformation caused by heat treatment. (c) X, Y, and Z axes movements allow for the programming of complex profiles using simple electrode. (d) Complex dies sections and molds can be produced accurately, faster, and at lower costs. Due to the modern NC control systems on die sinking machines, even more complicated work pieces can be machined. (e) The high degree of automation and the use of tool and work piece changers allow the machines to work unattended for overnight or during the weekends (f) Forces are produced by the EDM-process and that, as already mentioned, flushing and hydraulic forces may become large for some work piece geometry. The large cutting forces of the mechanical materials removal processes, however, remain absent. (g) Thin fragile sections such as webs or fins can be easily machined without deforming the part. . 14 Limitation of EDM (a) The need for electrical conductivity – To be able to create discharges, the work piece has to be electrically conductive. Isolators, like plastics, glass and most ceramics, cannot be machined by EDM, although some exception like for example diamond is known. Machining of partial conductors like Si semi-conductors, partially conductive ceramics and ev en glass is also possible. (b) Predictability of the gap – The dimensions of the gap are not always easily predictable, especially with intricate work piece geometry. In these cases, the flushing conditions andthe contamination state of differ from the specified one. In the case of die-sinking EDM, the tool wear also contributes to a deviation of the desired work piece geometry and it could reduce the achievable accuracy. Intermediate measuring of the work piece or some preliminary tests can often solve the problems. (c) Low material removal rate- The material removal of the EDM-process is rather low, especially in the case of die-sinking EDM where the total volume of a cavity has to be removed by melting and evaporating the metal. With wire-EDM only the outline of the desired work piece shape has to be machined. Due to the low material removal rate, EDM is principally limited to the production of small series although some specific mass production applications are known. (d) Optimization of the electrical parameters – The choice of the electrical parameters of the EDM-process depends largely on the material combination of electrode and work piece and EDM manufactures only supply these parameters for a limited amount of material combinations. When machining special alloys, the user has to develop his own technology. CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE SURVEY 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Literature review is one of the scope studies. It works as guide to run this analysis. It will give part in order to get the information about electrical discharge machine (EDM) and will give idea to operate the test. From the early stage of the project, various literature studies have been done. Research journals, books, printed or online conference article were the main source in the project guides. Literature review section work as reference, to give information and guide base on journal and other source in the media. 2. Important parameters of EDM (a) Spark On-time (pulse time or Ton): The duration of time (? s) the current is allowed to flow per cycle. Material removal is directly proportional to the amount of energy applied during this on-time. This energy is really controlled by the peak current and the length of the on-time. (b) Spark Off-time (pause time or Toff ): The duration of time (? s) between the sparks (that is to say, on- time). This time allows the molten material to solidify and to be wash out of the arc gap. This parameter is to affect the speed and the stability of the cut. Thus, if the off-time is too short, it will cause sparks to be unstable. (c) Arc gap (or gap): The Arc gap is distance between the electrode and workpiece during the process of EDM. It may be called as spark gap. Spark gap can be maintained by servo system (fig no. -1). (d) Discharge current (current Ip): Current is measured in amp Allowed to per cycle. Discharge current is directly proportional to the Material removal rate. (e) Duty cycle (? ): It is a percentage of the on-time relative to the total cycle time. This parameter is calculated by dividing the on-time by the total cycle time (ontime pulse offtime). f) Voltage (V): It is a potential that can be measure by volt it is also effect to the material removal rate and allowed to per cycle. Voltage is given by in this experiment is 50 V. (g) Diameter of electrode (D): It is the electrode of Cu-tube there are two different size of diameter 4mm and 6mm in this experiment. This tool is used not only as a electrode but also for intern al flushing. (h) Over cut – It is a clearance per side between the electrode and the workpiece after the marching operation. 2. 3 Characteristics of EDM EDM specification by mechanism of process, metal removal rate and other function that shown in this table no . 1 2. 4 Dielectric fluid In EDM, as has been discussed earlier, material removal mainly occurs due to thermal evaporation and melting. As thermal processing is required to be carried out in absence of oxygen so that the process can be controlled and oxidation avoided. Oxidation often leads to poor surface conductivity (electrical) of the work piece hindering further machining. Hence, dielectric fluid should provide an oxygen free machining environment. Further it should have enough strong dielectric resistance so that it does not breakdown electrically too easily but at the same time ionize when electrons collide with its molecule. Moreover, during sparking it should be thermally resistant as well. The dielectric fluid has the following functions: (a) It helps in initiating discharge by serving as a conducting medium when ionised, and conveys the spark. It concentrates the energy to a very narrow region. (b) It helps in quenching the spark, cooling the work, tool electrode and enables arcing to be prevented. c) It carries away the eroded metal along with it. (d) It acts as a coolant in quenching the sparks. The electrode wear rate, metal removal rate and other operation characteristics are also influenced by the dielectric fluid. The dielectric generally fluid used are transformer on silicon oil, EDM oil, kerosene (paraffin oil) and de-ionized water are used as dielectric fluid in EDM. Tap water cannot be used as it ionizes too ear ly and thus breakdown due to presence of salts as impurities occur. Dielectric medium is generally flushed around the spark zone. It is also applied through the tool to achieve efficient removal of molten material. In this experiment using the Commercial grade EDM oil (specific gravity= 0. 763, freezing point= 94 °C) was used as dielectric fluid are used it is using as coolant and medium of workpiece and tool during the process of erosion. 2. 5. Flushing method Flushing is the most important function in any electrical discharge machining operation. Flushing is the process of introducing clean filtered dielectric fluid into the spark gap. There are a number of flushing methods used to remove the metal particles efficiently. 2. 5. Tool Material Tool material should be such that it would not undergo much tool wear when it is impinged by positive ions. Thus the localized temperature rise has to be less by tailoring or properly choosing its properties or even when temperature increases, there would be less melting. Further, the tool should be easily workable as intricate shaped geometric features are machined in EDM. Thus the basic characteristics of electrode materials are: 1. High electrical conductivity – electrons are cold emitted more easily and there is less bulk electrical heating. 2. High thermal conductivity – for the same heat load, the local temperature rise would be less due to faster heat conducted to the bulk of the tool and thus less tool wear. 3. Higher density – for the same heat load and same tool wear by weight there would be less volume removal or tool wear and thus less dimensional loss or inaccuracy. 4. High melting point – high melting point leads to less tool wear due to less tool material melting for the same heat load. 5. Easy manufacturability. 6. Cost – cheap. The followings are the different electrode materials which are used commonly in the industry: 1. Graphite 2. copper 3. Tellurium copper – 99% Cu + 0. 5% tellurium 4. Brass 2. 6. Design variable Design parameter, process parameter and constant parameter are following ones, Design parameters – 1. Material removal rate. 2. Tool wear rate 3. Over cut (OC) Machining parameter – 1. Discharge current (Ip) 2. Pulse on time (Ton) 3. Diameter of U-shaped tool Constant parameter1. Duty cycle 2. Voltage 3. Flushing pressure 4. Polarity 2. 7. Workpiece material It is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. There are different types of tool material are using the EDM method. And the tool steel contains carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools. Their suitability comes from their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion, their ability to hold a cutting edge, and/or their resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures (red-hardness). Tool steel is generally used in a heattreated state. Tool steels are made to a number of grades for different applications. In general, the edge temperature under expected use is an important determinant of both composition and required heat treatment. The higher carbon grades are typically used for such applications as stamping dies, metal cutting tools, etc. 2. 8 MACHINING PARAMETER SELECTION In this project , material removal rate (MRR) is important. This characteristic material removal rate (MRR) is a major influence resulting the machining performance. Among the numerous parameters affecting the EDM performance, the dielectric fluid has a very important role. The physical properties of the fluid influence the breakdown voltage and the ignition delay: however, the debris concentration in the fluid modifies these parameters, decreasing the dielectric strength by many orders of magnitude . But this parameter is neglect due to limitation of scope of studies. Surface roughness is also a very important parameter but is not taken into consideration due to unavailability of perthometer. 2. 9 MACHINING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Material removal rate (MRR) is used to evaluate machining performance. The material removal rate (MRR) is expressed as the work piece removal rate (WRW) under a period of machining time in minute (T), which is : Ww=Weight loss Pw= Density of material The density of materials was measured on basis of volume displacement method using weighing machine and beaker 2. 10. Objective of the present work From the research papers refered , it is observed that few works has been reported on EDM on the material Al-Sic, EN-19, SKH 57 and various composite materials. The objective of the present work is an attempt to finding the effect of machining parameters on EN-31,HCHCr for material removal rate using a pure copper electrode . The machining parameter selected for experiment are pulse on time ,peak current and duty cycle ,using one variable at a time approach analysis for responses MRR has been carried out. CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 3. 1 LABORATARY USED:1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB USED FOR WEIGHING WORKPIECE 2. WORKSHOP USED FOR CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT ON EDM 3. 2 Materials Used 1. 2. 3. 1. HCHCR (55-56) 2. HCHCR (20-22) 3. EN-31 (20-22) ELECTRODE Uses of Workpiece Materials: EN 31: †¢ High tensile strength machine parts. †¢ Gears and pinions. †¢ Axles †¢ Shafts †¢ Connecting rods †¢ Plastic moulds †¢ Forging dies for smaller section of ferrous non-ferrous items. HCHCr: †¢ Plastic moulding †¢ Dies †¢ Hot shearing tools †¢ Hardened rolls †¢ Thread rolling dies HARDNESS DEFINITION : †¢ It’s the ability of the material to resist permanent shape change. †¢ Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of material in which resistance of permanent plastic deformation due to a constant compression load from a sharp object †¢ Rockwell intrument used from DULOCOS CONVEYORS AND MOULDS PVT. LTD. DENSITY =Mass/Volume 1. Measured the mass of workpiece from weighing machine. 2. Measured the volume displaced with the help of beaker. 3. 3 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS WORKING PARAMETERS Work piece materials DESCRIPTION EN-31(20-22),HCHCR(2022), HCHCR(55-56) Copper(Cu) Positive Kerosene 4,6,8 amps 35,45,55,65 TYPE CONSTANT Electrode Material Electrode Polarity Dielectric Fluid Peak Current(Ip) Pulse Duration(Ton) CONSTANT CONSTANT CONSTANT VARIABLE VARIABLE Duty Factor Working Time (Ton variable) 9 40 mins CONSTANT CONSTANT CONSTANT Working Time (Ip variable) 30 mins . 4 CALCULATING MRR: FORMULA USED Where: Ww: Weight of the material in gms. ?w : Density of the material in gm/cm3. T : Machining time in mins. CHAPTER 4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 4. 1 MATERIAL : EN-31 , HARDNESS : 20-22 ON ROCKWELL SCALE DENSITY: 5. 57 g/cm3 CHANGING PARAMETER: PULSE ON TIME(Ti) CHANGING PARAMETER: PEAK CURRENT (Ip) 4. 2 MATERIAL : HCHCr , HARDNESS : 20-22 ON ROCKWELL SCALE DENSITY: 5. 228 g/cm3 CHANGI NG PARAMETER: PULSE ON TIME(Ti) CHANGING PARAMETER: PEAK CURRENT (Ip) 4. 3 MATERIAL : HCHCr , HARDNESS : 55-56 ON ROCKWELL SCALE DENSITY: 8. 47 g/cm3 CHANGING PARAMETER: PULSE ON TIME(Ti) CHANGING PARAMETER: PEAK CURRENT (Ip) CHAPTER 5 RESULT ANALYSIS †¢ The experiments are based on one factor experiment strategy. †¢ In this only one input parameter was varied while keeping all others input parameters at constant values. †¢ During this experimental procedure, 6 sets of experiments were performed varying the Peak current( Ip) and Pulse time on (Ton) for three different materials. After analyzing the results of the experiments performed, various facts came into light. EXPERIMENT SET 1 PULSE ON TIME IS INCREASED The above graphs shows that material removal rate increases with the increase in the pulse on time and decreases after some time. So the pulse on time can be adjusted to get the desired material removal rate. The Declining Trend Of Graph †¢ Ton:- During puls e on time spark erosion takes place and metal is melted/vapourized †¢ Toff:-During pulse off time metal is washed away and solidified †¢ But as the Ton is increased at constant Input parameters, Toff starts to decrease due to which metal is stuck and is not removed properly and MRR decreases EXPERIMENT SET 2 PEAK CURRENT IS INCREASED †¢ The above graphs shows that material removal rate increases with the increase in the peak current. So value of peak current should be high to obtain higher MRR. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION The following conclusions are drawn from the experimental study: 1. The parameter PEAK CURRENT (IP) has direct effect on material removal rate as we increase peak current material removal rate increases 2. The PULSE ON TIME parameter has direct effect on the material removal rate with a declining trend, as we increase the pulse on time the material removal rate increases upto a certain level but starts to decrease after certain time. REFERENCES †¢ Saurabh kumar saha, Experimental Investigation of the Dry Electric Discharge Machining (Dry EDM) Process †¢ S. H. Tomadi, M. A. Hassan, Z. Hamedon, IAENG R. Daud, A. G. Khalid, Analysis of the Influence of EDM Parameters on Surface Quality and Electrode Wear of Tungsten Carbide †¢ M. M. Rahman, Md. Ashikur Rahman Khan, K. Kadirgama M. M. Noor and Rosli A. Bakar, Modeling of Material Removal on Machining of Ti-6Al-4V through EDM using Copper Tungsten Electrode and Positive Polarity †¢ Mohd Abd Larif Bin Abd Ghani, Effects Of Surface Roughness Using Different Electrodes On Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) †¢ Mr. V. D. Patel, Prof. C. P. Patel , Mr. U. J. Patel, Analysis of Different Tool Material On MRR and Surface Roughness of Mild Steel In EDM INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 4. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 5. RESULT ANALYSIS 6. CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCES How to cite Electric Discharge Machining, Essay examples Electric Discharge Machining Free Essays ELECTRIC DISCHARGE MACHINING INTRODUCTION * Sometimes it is referred to as spark machining, * Its a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained using electrical discharges (sparks). * Material is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. * One of the electrodes – ‘tool-electrode’ or ‘tool’ or ‘electrode’. We will write a custom essay sample on Electric Discharge Machining or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Other electrode – workpiece-electrode or ‘workpiece’. As distance between the two electrodes is reduced, the current intensity becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some points) causing it to break. * EDM is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be very difficult to machine with traditional techniques. * EDM typically works with materials that are electrically conductive, although methods for machining insulating ceramics with EDM have been proposed. * EDM can cut intricate contours or cavities in hardened steel without the need for heat treatment to soften and re-harden them. This method can be used with any other metal or metal alloy such as titanium, hastelloy, kovar, and inconel. EDM – Working Principle * It is a process of metal removal based on the principle of material removal by an interrupted electric spark discharge between the electrode tool and the work piece. * In EDM, a potential di fference is applied between the tool and workpiece. * Essential – Both tool and work material are to be conductors. * The tool and work material are immersed in a dielectric medium. * Generally kerosene or deionised water is used as the dielectric medium. A gap is maintained between the tool and the workpiece. * Depending upon the applied potential difference (50 to 450 V) and the gap between the tool and workpiece, an electric field would be established. * Generally the tool is connected to the negative terminal (cathode) of the generator and the workpiece is connected to positive terminal (anode). * The high speed electrons then impinge on the job and ions on the tool. * The kinetic energy of the electrons and ions on impact with the surface of the job and tool respectively would be converted into thermal energy or heat flux. Such intense localized heat flux leads to extreme instantaneous confined rise in temperature which would be in excess of 10,000oC. * Such localized ex treme rise in temperature leads to material removal. * Material removal occurs due to instant vaporization of the material as well as due to melting. * The molten metal is not removed completely but only partially. EDM – Dielectric * In EDM, material removal mainly occurs due to thermal evaporation and melting. * As thermal processing is required to be carried out in absence of oxygen so that the process can be controlled and oxidation avoided. Oxidation often leads to poor surface conductivity (electrical) of the workpiece hindering further machining. * Hence, dielectric fluid should provide an oxygen free machining environment. * Further it should have enough strong dielectric resistance so that it does not breakdown electrically too easily. * But at the same time, it should ionize when electrons collide with its molecule. * Moreover, during sparking it should be thermally resistant as well. * Generally kerosene and deionised water is used as dielectric fluid in EDM. How to cite Electric Discharge Machining, Papers

Dbk Solution free essay sample

The current growth of Designs by Kate’s (DBK) business model is not sustainable for a future success of the company. In order to maintain, respectively improve its performance and thusly its position within the direct sales industry, it is essential that Kate Creevey realizes, how important the monetary reward for the sales representatives is. Therefore it is recommended that the compensation structure as a motivational tool should be changed in order to guarantee maximizing the key financial objectives, which can predominantly be defined as further volume growth. Sales growth is driven by two factors: in the first place by the number of sales representatives and secondly, by their increased productivity, when they become team leaders. This means, it is vital for DBK to â€Å"invest† in the acquisition and the keeping of sales representatives. One can think of two variants on how to approach a modification of the compensation structure, motivating the sales staff to develop their own team structure. The management of DBK could think of adapting leadership dollars or leadership dollars and commission rates. With the purpose of educating sales representatives of the advantages of a team build-up, Creevey should definitely invest the $1,000,000 into the four full-time trainers. Since the trainers will demonstrate to the prospective leaders, why it is good for them to move up the career ladder by acquiring new sales representatives, this will be a profitable step (for further explanation see Arguments). Moreover, it is vital for the company to understand, how relevant incentives are – beyond non-monetary benefits. For the purpose of driving team building within the company, Creevey should consider team incentives as a possible appealing and attractive enticement that goes further than the pure cash payout. Furthermore, Kate Creevey should consider how her business is overall positioned in the direct sales industry. Tupperware, Mary Kay or other competitors can rather be found in the high-price segment. This implies that the value proposition is higher for their products. This mere fact does not result in the conclusion that DBK should necessarily reposition, but it is definitely an option, which could further boost sales. Jewelry is highly suitable for selling in an upper price segment. Arguments Industry and Competitor Analysis Direct sales is a stable industry, with a steady, but low Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 0. 7%. Although, the volume of sales, decreased from 2005 to 2009 (which can partially be explained by the economic crisis, which started in 2007), it still is an attractive business sector for DBK, as it is positioned in the third strongest segment (Personal Care) with a niche product lineup, as no other noteworthy competitor is selling jewelry directly. As mentioned above, DBK is positioned as a company, which sells inexpensive jewelry. This might be a factor, which differentiates it from the competitors. However, as may be extracted from the interviews with one of the sales representatives, the reason why the direct sales approach is so successful, can be accounted for the â€Å"parties† and the resonant atmosphere, and not primarily because the products are cheap. If DBK wants to improve their financials, it can be worthy to think of reposition its business to a more exclusive, not department store-like jewelry. Appendix A shows that in comparison to its major competitors in the Personal Care segment (Avon and Mary Kay) DBK is behind in all areas (sales, market share, # of representatives and commission rates). This can be explicable by the fact, that the competitors are much longer in the business than DBK. However, this implies, that Kate Creevey needs to ensure that the company is further growing, to endure its continuance in the market. The SWOT-Analysis exhibits, that the occurring threats can all be shunned, when adapting the compensation structure as mentioned above (for a more detailed delineation see KPI-Analysis). The opportunity of having a greater pool of prospective recruits to choose from is positive. As this implies, if DBK manages to successfully employ plenty new sales representatives, it will have a good basis of jobholders to further grow its business, due to the fact that DBK’s attrition rate is very low. DBK needs to reduce its weakness, that most of their sales representatives have no experience in sales by make use of trainers (see KPI-Analysis), in order to share in the high potential of direct sales customers. KPI-Analysis Appendix B clearly shows, that from a sales representative’s point of view it does not pay to build a team. Assuming that a successful sales representative, who is in the company for about 2 years (meaning that his own sales are still on the rise of 20% annually and not declining, because he is shorter than 5 years in the company), acquires one sales representative in his circle of friends, it can be seen that already in their first month, let alone year together, it diminishes the sales of the leader. The more members he accepts in his team, the greater are his losses from his own revenue and hence, his profit. This is amplified with the number of years the team works together (in Appendix B, there is the assumption made, that the prospective recruits will be three years in the company, as this is the average duration of employment of a sales representative). The pure adjustment of commission rates to solve this problem would mean that DBK must raise them up beyond 50% – which is the maximum in the industry standard – to avoid the aforementioned effect. Appendix C illustrates an alternative approach (as a possible example), which has been calculated by an iterative process. Here, DBK could make an adaption of leadership dollars to 7% for leaders and an assimilation of commission rates to 30% to avoid the cannibalization of sales within a team. This would change the situation for the future leaders and make it attractive for them to recruit more people. It is constructed, that the more members the sales representative accepts, the better for him (0% for one level 1; 5% for two level 1; 10% for three level 1). However, it is presupposed that the team members are de facto sales representatives. The system is only working for the leader, when his team members are constantly increasing their sales, too. Managers and directors are not negligible, however, they are required to build a team to gain that status, which means, that DBK’s focus should in the first instance be on the potential leaders, because they promise a fast solution, as Creevey demanded. The adaption of their leadership dollars should be ensued in the next step. The hiring of the four full-time trainers can be substantiated by the fact that this investment can be balanced by recruiting 1. 060 sales representatives for the same time period of one year. Since one average sales representative’s value equals $2. 30 (see Figure 1. ) – including the costs directly associated with one sales representative (40% COGS and 30% SGA). Those trainers need to make sure, that the sales representatives understand, how building up a team, can firstly boost their own sales, and secondly help the company to grow (which should be in their interest, too). Action steps A key action step should be the implementation of a firmer team structure by strengthening the cohesion within teams through adoption of team rewards into the incentives structure. Those team benefits can be of monetary or non-monetary nature. For instance, following the example of Mary Kay, the most successful teams could be annually invited to a special event, created only for them, where they can win an award for the â€Å"best team of the year†. This can be conducive for employee motivation and further enhance the sales representatives’ loyalty for DBK. Creevey can follow the proposal of one of the representatives, to give â€Å"longevitiy bonuses† in the form of special jewelry pieces that they can sell only when they fulfill certain criteria, other incentives such as premium magazine subscriptions, etc. r cash payout. As aforementioned, further steps include hiring full-time trainers, reconstruct compensation structure – monetary-based and non-monetary-based, team-based and individual benefits, see above –, analyze potential of repositioning towards an upper-middle to lower-high-prize segment and improve overall communication within DBK of the advantages of teams and the effects it has for each individual.

Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essay Example

Three Shifts, Three Supervisors Essay To appease the workers in their Jobs by giving some prosperity gift or benefits. 3. To develop the office management of ML in other to have a better company relationship between the superior to his subordinate. Areas of Consideration Analysis: The Main Problem is the style of leadership Mr.. Gang is a dictatorial leader that uses negative approach to his subordinates. All decision-making power is theirs, unrealistic in demands, uses excessive discipline and punishment, and does not allow others to question decisions or authority. Like what he did to Ian Michael he agree with the proposal. That became the cause of their conflict that lead to Ian Michael to submit a resignation letter. Alternative Courses of Action: In alternative course of action I will specify the possible and most viable solution to solve the problems. First Mr.. Gang should change his, style of his leadership so that he could not have an argument/ conflict Like what happen between him and Ian Michael. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Shifts, Three Supervisors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Three Shifts, Three Supervisors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Three Shifts, Three Supervisors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to that to lessen the high rate of turnovers, to appease the workers in tenet Sods Day Glenn some prosperity glut or Benefits, and to develop the office management of ML in other to have a better company relationship between the superior to his subordinate. If possible they can use what Ian Michael proposal in motivating the employee to have a better organization. Recommendation: The best solution that I could recommend is to back Ian Michael to the company his a big help to the company to improve the organization. In addition, Like what I said to my other statement Mr.. Gang should change his style of leadership so that the company could avoid a conflict like what happen between Ian Michael and Mr.. Gang. Conclusion/ Detailed Action Plan As early as possible, Mr.. Gang should approach Ian Michael to go back to the company and offer a higher position for him to grab the offer. Then Mr.. Gang should change his attitude in communicating with his subordinate. They should held a meeting at least twice a month to tackle all the happenings inside the organization. In addition to that they should also held a team building to improve the team work of the employees of the company.

Académie Française, the Moderator of the French Language

Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, the Moderator of the French Language The Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, often shortened and simply called  lAcadà ©mie, is an organization which moderates the French language. The primary role of the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise is to regulate the French language by determining standards of acceptable grammar and vocabulary, as well as adapting to linguistic change by adding new words and updating the meanings of existing ones. Due to the status of English in the world, the Acadà ©mies task tends to be focused on lessening the influx of English terms into French by choosing or inventing French equivalents. The Primary Function of the Acadà ©mie Officially, the Article 24 outlines that The primary function of the Acadà ©mie will be to work, with all possible care and diligence, to give our language definite rules and to make it pure, eloquent, and capable of dealing with art and science. Maintaining a Common Linguistic Heritage The Acadà ©mie fulfills this mission by publishing an official dictionary and by working with French terminological committees and other specialized organizations. Strangely, the dictionary is not sold to the general public, so the Acadà ©mies work must be incorporated into society by the creation of laws and regulations by the above-mentioned organizations. Perhaps the most notorious example of this occurred when the Acadà ©mie chose the official translation of email. Obviously, this is all done with the expectation that French speakers will take these new regulations into consideration, and in this way, a common linguistic heritage can theoretically be maintained among French speakers around the world. In reality, this is not always the case. Created by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635 The Acadà ©mie Franà §aise was created by Cardinal Richelieu under Louis XIII in 1635, and the first Dictionnaire de lAcadà ©mie ranà §aise was published in 1694 with 18,000 terms. The most recent complete edition, the 8th, was finished in 1935 and contains 35,000 words. The next edition is currently underway. Volumes I and II were published in 1992 and 2000, respectively, and between them cover A to Mappemonde. When complete, the 9th edition of the Acadà ©mies dictionary will include approximately 60,000 words. Its important to note that this is not a definitive dictionary, as it generally excludes archaic, offensive, slang, specialized and regional vocabulary. Linguistic and Literary Patronage The secondary mission of the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise is that of linguistic and literary patronage. This was not part of the original purpose of lAcadà ©mie, but thanks to grants and bequests, the Acadà ©mie now offers about 70 literary prizes per year. It also awards scholarships and subsidies to literary and scientific societies, charities, large families, widows, underprivileged persons and those who have distinguished themselves by courageous acts. Peer-Elected Members Essentially a linguistic jury, the Acadà ©mie franà §aise is a group of 40 peer-elected members, commonly known as Les Immortels  or  Les Quarante. Being chosen as an Immortel is considered a supreme honor and, except in extreme cases, is a life-long commitment.Since the creation of lAcadà ©mie Franà §aise, there have been more than 700 Immortels who were  chosen for their creativity, talent, intelligence and, of course, particular linguistic adeptness. This range of authors, poets, theater people, philosophers, doctors, scientists, ethnologists, art critics, soldiers, statesmen and churchmen assembles at lAcadà ©mie into a unique group of people who make decisions on how French words should be used by analyzing how they actually are, creating new terms, and determining the beneficiaries of the various awards, scholarships, and subsidies.In October 2011, the Acadà ©mie launched an interactive feature called Dire, Ne pas dire on their website in the hopes of bringing pure French to the cyber masses.

Calculate Federal Income Tax

Calculate Federal Income Tax The average American wants to share as little of his or her earnings with Uncle Sam. How does the saying go? Don’t tax you. Don’t tax me. Tax that man behind the tree. Gnawing on a worker’s wages, income tax is an everyday example of percent decrease at work.   This article focuses on using percents to calculate disposable income, the amount of money that remains after paying federal income tax. How to Calculate Income Tax When you get that first real job and learn that you’ll have an annual salary of $36,000, realize that you don’t have $3,000 a month to spend.Let’s say that your income tax rate will be 5%. What will be your disposable income?1. Find the amount of taxes that you’ll pay.36,000 * .05 $1,8002. Subtract the amount of taxes from your income.$36,000 – $1,800 $34,200Disposable Income:   $34,200Disposable Income per Month: $34,200/12 $2,850  Ã‚     Don’t run out and get a mortgage and car note that total $2,500 a month. Otherwise, you will be the hungriest person living the American Dream. Exercises Answers and Explanations Use each annual salary and tax rate to calculate disposable income.1. Annual salary: $350,000Federal income tax rate:   28%Disposable income: 2. Annual salary:   $10,000Federal income tax rate: 5%Disposable income: 3. Annual salary:   $80,500Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 4. Annual salary: $175,000Federal income tax rate: 23%Disposable income:   5. Annual salary: $50,400Federal income tax rate:   10%Disposable income: 6. Annual salary: $93,550Federal income tax rate:   18%Disposable income: 7. Annual salary:   $27,950Federal income tax rate:   5%Disposable income:

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example (David, 2002, ch2 p29) Just a hundred years back, Britain was a country on which the sun never set. The English language, British customs, traditions and food habits have now become an integral part of life in all her former colonies-all these being integrated into, and modified by local customs. The British character and customs at home, have also been, in their turn, influenced by this close interaction with other cultures. Officially, Britain is a Protestant state, i.e the British monarch is Protestant. The origin of this dates to the 16th century, when King Henry VIII divorced his queen, Catherine of Aragon. As the Pope in Rome did not recognise divorce, Henry declared the English Church free from the control of the Pope. Thus the Reformation of the Church in England was mainly based on the whim of a monarch. Henry then married Anne Boleyn (the second of a succession of six wives that he eventually managed to have!) Queen Elizabeth II, the present monarch is a direct descendant of Henry and Anne. This fact makes it a political necessity for the monarchy in England to officially be Protestant, as otherwise (if it reverted to being Catholic) the current monarch would become the descendant of an illegitimate child (the illustrious Queen Elizabeth I) of Henry's! While the 'official' religion in Britain is Protestant-Christian, the country is a multi-cultural one. "About 8% of the population of Britain (4 .6 million) today are people from other cultures and ethnicities"(Biddle). This includes religions other than Christianity and peoples other than Whites. A living example of the integration of other cultures into British life is the Notting Hill Carnival, which is Caribbean in origin. (Biddle) Coming to some common superstitious beliefs of the British: black cats are considered lucky, and greeting cards often have pictures of them; likewise, a four-leaf clover is considered a lucky find. A horseshoe over the door attracts favourable luck. But it has to be kept facing upwards, to prevent the luck from being drained out from below. Similarly there are actions that attract bad luck-walking under a ladder, spilling salt (you must throw some of the spilt salt over your shoulder to avert bad luck, breaking a mirror (an action that dooms you to seven years of bad luck, no less!) or passing someone on the stairs. (Biddle) The number thirteen is also considered unlucky (many buildings/ hotels do not have a thirteenth floor-the fourteenth floor comes after the twelfth!), and the thirteenth of a month, if it comes on a Friday, is considered an unlucky day. Coming to some social niceties-it must be remembered that the British are rather formal in their interactions. If you are invited to someone's home for dinner, it is considered 'polite' to arrive around fifteen minutes late, unless your invitation says 'sharp' (e.g. "seven sharp") (Biddle) You may receive an invitation to "drop in anytime." You are not expected to take that literally. You must call up a person before visiting. If you receive an invitation that says RSVP, you must reply stating whether you plan to attend or not. If you go to someone's home for a meal, a small gift of flowers or chocolates is considered polite though not mandatory; a thank you note or phone call afterwards is expected. (Biddle) British people can be a bit reserved unless you have been introduced to them. Striking up conversations in public transport (trains) is unusual. If you

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Assignment 2 - Essay Example cussion by Timiraos in the journal article is that people who are not credit defaulters or have fairly good credit scores below 620 will have the opportunity to own homes at reduced interest rates as well as reduced percentage required for a down payment from 3.5% to 3% in the two leading financial mortgage organizations: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The program by the federal government has ensured that this is possible but not to everybody and not in every financial institutions including banks. What the federal regulation has not shed into light and which if not properly explained might raise hopes of people for nothing is that those qualifying for the 3% down payment are required to not only have perfect credit when it comes to loan payment but are required to have mortgage insurance. Having mortgage insurance is an added cost to the people and hence they are even better off with the 3.5% down payment that was present initially. The banks also offer mortgage loans for the people but they do not do so for everybody and are even afraid to implement the federal regulation as a result of the losses they incur with mortgage defaulters. They are left at losses and in order to avoid this, they select very few people to provide the mortgages to. All is not gloomy about the regulations as is evident from the increase in housing contracts by new home buyers. The sales and contracts from the time the federal regulations were announced have increased by around 0.3% and this is very encouraging. The prices of homes have been increasing which makes buying a house on cash basis very hard for majority of the people. However, with the new regulations, people are bound to get loans to purchase their houses no matter the price. The federal government is trying its best but with the slow reaction and more negative than positive results of the regulations, they are bound to ease the conditions and make better the regulations. The mortgage is most likely to get cheaper and more

Prison Treatments Laws in New York State Essay Example for Free

Prison Treatments Laws in New York State Essay Michael E. Deutsch, Dennis Cunningham and Elizabeth M. Fink †Twenty Years Later — Attica Civil Rights Case Finally Cleared for Trial† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 13-25 This is a journal uses the commissioner, the director of the correctional, Russel Osward as a center role to recall the Attica Riot, condemning his failure of management of the prison regime and the inhumane assault he had set to end up the uprising. The government had covered the facts of violent assault of the riot for years, but it had been dug out by the protest of the riot survivors 20 years after the riot, and they finally won the negotiations and gained their civil rights. Quotations can be cited for discussing how the negotiation had gone through. It also provides me some background information of the riot. It also gives a sense of what kind of civil rights had been violated and what had been brought back. I can use these rights as reference to seek changes of the State laws. Vicky Munro-Bjorklund â€Å"Popular Cultural Images of Criminals and Prisoners since Attica† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 48-70 This journal focuses on the popular culture images that been shaped after the Attica Riot. It argues that the misunderstanding of the prisoner had been changed since the uprising, and media is also a force that pushes the prisons into reform. Because of stereotype, or the popular cultural images of the prisoners, no one had paid that much attention to the prisoners before the increasing exposure of the real â€Å"prisoners’ life† after the Attica Riot. The description of the popular cultural images of the prisoners in Attica is really a good resource to use. This resource is mainly a statement of the prisoners’ image. I do not need to describe the change of the images because I am focusing on the law changes, so nothing will be quoted, but it makes me think in a new way: The affection of exposure from the public or social media. George Edwards, â€Å"Foreword: Penitentiaries Produce No Penitents† forward-penitentiaries produce no penitents, 63 J. Crim. L. Criminology Police Scl. 159(1972): 154-161   This journal focused on how the social media have done to help the colored people inside the US penal system by using the example of the media affection of the Attica Riot. It focuses on and the cultural images that shape the stereotype of the black people so that they are isolated from â€Å"us†. The prisoners’ lives in the prisons have become more transparent through the social media after the Attica Riot when the social media have paid attention to them and cover more about them. Social media is condemning the brutal treatment to the prisoners and the injustice of the sentence through different ways. This paper is searched after the previous one, it is a good resource for seeing how the social media had pushed the State to change their correctional method and give back prisoners’ civil rights. Willi The Naturalization Act of 1790 am L. Wilbanks The report of the commission on Attica, 37 Fed. Probation 3 (1973): 3-5 This is a prime summery of the national commission report of the Attica Riot published on September 13,1972. It briefly summarized and explained what is the Attica Riot, recorded the cause of it, reported the negotiation of it, and analyzed the assault and the aftermath of it. The main highlight of the riot from the report is that it happened at a time when the prison was about to reform for better, and the violent assault was because the prison inmate was asking for general pardon, but the government refused so, yet the result was still inhumane. This report is brief and comprehensive; it is providing background information for the public to get the general idea of the riot. Part of it can be quoted for a prof of inhumane treatment after the uprising. Gerald Benjamin and Stephen P. Rappaport, Attica and Prison Reform, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 31, No. 3, Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years (May, 1974), pp. 200-213 This journal focuses on reporting the details of the negotiation and the assault of the Attica Riot. Informing us assault is because of the failure of the negotiation. This journal also mentioned that the riot happened when the reform was just about to be taken into practice. After the riot, the reform began, including the facilities change and the treatment changes. Changes are based on the fund from federal and the State, though something still needs to be change, it was already a big step. It is also showing some significant changes such as the change in the employment of the facilities from all whites to Latinos, the shortened time of locking. Though this journal is really detail, I need to quote the changes of laws rather than just physical changes in this piece. Angela Y. Davis: Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press New York, 2003: 10-19, 84-104 Chapter 1 introduces us with an idea of prison reform, which gains the majority supports of the public and it is also the reason for the Attica Riot. It also reveals the idea that not many people outside the prison are willing to think about the life inside the prison, which is going to be a support of why I said that there is not that much attention had been paid for prison treatment. Chapter 5 tells us how a mass of private companies and industries are gaining a lot of profit from the prisoners so that prisoners are not gaining what they are supposed to be gained. Both chapters are supporting the idea of why prisons should be paid attention and be reformed. Thought the industrial complex of the prison is written recently rather than the immediate fact, I would use them as reference of things that haven’t been improved after the riot. Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler, Keywords for American Cultural Studies, New York University Press, 2007: 37-42 This piece gives readers a brief history from the ancient Greek to now of how Citizenship has come to its status in the United State. The civil rights have been violated by the sovereignty, but finally came to equality through the push of institutions, religions, as well as civil movements. This piece also introduces us that how the technology and transportations are important to a new understanding of citizenship. This piece is important for analyzing the prison rights because I am writing through the prospect that prison inmates are also citizens, that they should have the same rights as those normal citizens, but prisoners’ rights are somehow always been valid or even ignored by the U.S. penal system. This article helps to define the citizen in my paper. Jael Silliman and Anannya Bhattacharjee, Policing the National Body Sex, Race, and Criminalization, South End Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002: 1-48 Chapter one gives us a general idea on how the US penal apparatus has been enforced by the participation of multiple â€Å"relevant† institutions. It is showing audiences how those institutional officers themselves are offending the laws but still act as a law executive, and how they use the name of immigration law to violate the rights, especially the rights of the women with colors, they offence their bodies, and use them to incarcerate colored men. This helps to analysis the female prison treatments in recent time. Though it is a good example to show the violation of the civil rights but it might be a little different from the topic that I am writing about because it is mainly focused on the recent time and the immigration laws. Dylan Rodriguez, Forced Passages, Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, London, 2006 This chapter focuses on the formation of the key word: The War. Though the war is supposedly be the conflict between states, the writer tells readers that the U.S. government is using the war zone as a way to control the citizens. It talks about how the power is contributed through the use of the prison regime. I would like to quote the history of the prison regime to inform that the prison today has a slavery background and that is what makes the rights of prisoners been blurred so reasonably. U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790, The Transcript of 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) The naturalization act is the fundamental act to the U.S. citizens. It indicated that free white of good moral character that had lived in the U.S. for two years and swore allegiance. It can be used as a historical accordant to the descriptions of the history of the prison regime. The 13th amendment establishes birthright of citizenship due process and equal protection, formally extends citizenship to newly freed, black men. Both of these laws can be use as track of the citizenship as proves of the inequality of the civil laws roots. Abstract Citizenship refers to the link between state and person who lives in. Citizens by broad should be within the link and should be someone who lives in the sate. Prisoners as a special type of citizen are supposed to have the same civil rights and be protected by the same laws, yet their circumstances put them into a situation where their rights are violated constantly with or without justice. Prison treatments in the US, can been seen as a significant example of the violation of the prisoners’ civil rights. It has never been paid attentions until the four-day uprising in the Attica Correctional Facility burst out in 1971. Attica Riot was the most violent riot in the entire U.S. history. Through out the uprising, many inhumane treatments of the prisoners have been revealed through the exposure of the social media. As a curiosity on the affects of prison uprisings on the New York State government, this paper is going to discover some significant changes that had been made by the New York State immediately after the riot through the aftermath negotiation of the Attica riot to indicate that the prisoner rights are still not have been treated rightly.

The Death Penalty Is Necessary Essay -- capital punishment, death pena

The death penalty otherwise known as capital punishment, is the most extreme punishment a government can implement on its own people. Presently, only eight-six countries have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while seventy-four countries still retain some use of the death penalty. Throughout history, the controversy over the necessity of the use of the death penalty has continued. Many oppose the death penalty on basis of moral and ethical grounds, but one must keep in mind that capital punishment is not an excessive and unnecessary form of punishment for those who knowingly and intentionally commit a severe crime in premeditation and that the words â€Å"kill,† â€Å"murder,† and â€Å"execute† are not interchangeable. Once a person crosses the line of committing the severe crime, they have effectively given away their right to life away. This is why in my opinion the death penalty is necessary in order to act as a deterrent to crime, to exact justice for monstrous crimes and to overall keep society safe. The death penalty is a more effective deterrent than life imprisonment. Studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between the use of capital punishment and the future murder rate. According to research done by Roy D. Adler and Michael Summers, professors at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, it was discovered that, â€Å"When executions increased, homicides decreased the following year. Conversely when executions leveled off, the murder rate spiked the following year†¦ each execution [in the U.S during 1979-2004] was associated with seventy-four fewer murders the following year.† (J. 33) With this direct correlation it is proven that the death penalty can in fact deter crime because it is proven using sta... ...ath penalty for the taking of a life: Agree." The Death Penalty A Curriculum for High School Students and Teachers. Michigan State University Comm Lab and Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 30 Jul 2011. . Andre, Claire, and Manuel Velasquez. "Capital Punishment: Our Duty or Our Doom?." Santa Clara University Ethics Articles n. pag. Web. 30 Jul 2011. . B., Phil. "The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment." Phil for Humanity. Phil for Humanity, n.d. Web. 27 Jul 2011. . E., Mary. Capital Punishment. Greenhaven Pr, 2005. Print. J., Peggy. Does the Death Penalty Deter Crime?. Referencepoint Pr Inc, 2009. Print. Stearman, Kaye. The Debate about the Death Penalty. Rosen Central, 2007. Print.

Peer Relationships

Having arrived at the gateway to adulthood, the teenage years are an exciting time of freedom, no responsibilities, and supposedly the best time of your life; unfortunately it is not always a cake walk. Whether it is maintaining good grades or keeping up with what the plans are for the weekend, there is a serious amount of pressure throughout high school and it becomes easy to get lost in the madness. Studies show that the qualities of peer relationships at this time are key contributors to mental health now and throughout life.Positive relationships are beneficial to young adults because it helps in gaining a sense of what good social interactions are and produces equal or greater relationships in the future. On the flip side, poor peer relationships can have negative effects on adulthood mental health and social relations. Unforgiving social cliques and high societal expectations are a few causes of the shrinking of teen self-esteem and disruption of stable mental well-being. When students start high school they quickly find their place on the social ladder.Some students find themselves at to top, some find a place in the middle they’re comfortable with, and others are sometimes cast out and pushed to the bottom by the rest. Social status and cliques rank unnecessarily high in importance amongst adolescents; teens are consistently pressured to maintain their high social standing. This chronic stress leads to their disengagement from classroom activities (McGrath & Noble, 2010). Even pupils that seem to be at the top of their social ladder develop conflict among one another, disrupting school performance.These students become more focused on the trifling drama and maintaining social stature and find the importance of school beginning to decline. Research conducted by Helen McGrath and Toni Noble shows that, young adults that have poor relationships with their peers, show lower levels of school achievement and higher levels of school avoidance. Once teen agers’ attention is elsewhere in the classroom, they begin to fall behind on school work due to the fact that they are more focused on their life outside of school.Bad study habits can develop if they are engrossed in their social life and they can carry those bad study habits with them through high school to college. Pupils with high social standing are not the only ones affected by negative peer relationships; it influences students at the bottom of the social ladder as well. The so called â€Å"bottom† of the social ladder is made up of persons that have often times been rejected by their peers for one reason or another; they may dress different, act a certain way, or lack some sort of attribute that society believes is necessary.Students that are excluded from their peers still seek the same social fulfillment as others; in a way this causes them to be more desperate for that fulfillment. Being bullied by social exclusion may appear less visibly harmful than verbal or physical forms of bullying but may be more detrimental to children’s participation in learning activities and have more impact on their academic outcomes, states McGrath and Noble.Social exclusion and bullying can go even further than classroom disengagement; as a result of bullying, people can lose their ability to love and trust, denying them the chance to experience a quality relationship later in their life. They might find themselves as a submissive partner or they may want to be completely alone. Aside from its long-term effects, some consequences of bullying can be seen and felt immediately. When one calls another a harsh name, the victim might cry, just like a bruise might appear after a punch to the arm. However, some effects of bullying are not always obvious to the naked eye.The results of bullying might grow and appear over time, damaging a person in profound ways for the long term. Victims often develop eating disorders, begin to self-injure, or require exten sive counseling. Social bullying can also leave people without a supportive group of friends that they can lean on and spend time with. Isolation amongst peers has negative repercussions towards young adult mental health because at this age, according to Kingsly Nyarko of the University of Ghana’s psychology department, being accepted by peers has important implications for adjustment both during adolescence and into adulthood.Friends are supporters and motivators, they help you feel better when you’re sad and can talk you through any problems you are facing. When that support is missing from a person’s life, they have no one to talk to, making them feel alone and excluded. This can damage an adolescent’s ability to maintain healthy friendships and possess adequate social skills. Being teased, rejected or socially excluded by other pupils on an ongoing basis has been identified as the single most common characteristic of children who are at high risk for developing emotional and behavioral disorders (McGrath & Noble, 2010).Isolation makes adolescents feel as if there is something wrong with them, thus lowering self-esteem and creating disorders such as anorexia, depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders. Some individuals recover from loneliness by using their own strategies, or by letting time do the healing. Others require outside professional help. The most obvious approach is to help people develop satisfying personal relationships. This can be done by improving how they interact with others through social skills training or forms of psychotherapy aimed at changing dysfunctional interpersonal dispositions (e. g. fear of rejection). It can also be done by improving opportunities for interactions through programs aimed at removing barriers for social interaction (e. g. , providing transportation) or at bringing people together (e. g. , discussion groups). Major depressive disorders in early adulthood range from 10%-17% (Maughan & C ollishaw & Stringaris, 2012). One of the biggest issues for teens is fitting in. Society tells young adults that they need to act a certain way or look a certain way, and when a teen doesn’t feel they follow that socially acceptable conduct, they often become repressed within themselves.They want to be accepted and there is a fear of being alone and not being wanted. Popularity is a huge social factor for any teen, especially in High School. Everyone wants to be part of the â€Å"in crowd† and if you cannot be a part of them, you want to dress like them or act like them. Pressures like this do tend to be worse for girls; about twice as likely to be affected as men (Maughan et al. , 2012). Girls feel the need to please others and seek approval while boys learn that it is ok to be themselves and do their own thing.Boys tend to be able to deal better with these social issues then girls do. They are able to put events behind them, and not depend upon others for reassuring them of their self-worth. One example is when an adolescent boy and girl are equally interested in each other; the boys seem to be able to cope with love's losses better than girls do. They put it behind them and move on, while girls focus on the breakup and keep talking about it, stirring the emotional pot. These depressive episodes are not just short term; 50-70% are likely to develop a further episode within five years (Maughan et al. 2012). However, sometimes depression can be avoided all together. Having a good home life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups. Avoiding extreme â€Å"stressers,† like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Despite the vast amount of negative effects peer relationships have on young adults there are a substantial amount of positive effects as well. When healthy peer relationships are established early on, they positively affect every aspect of everyday life; one facet being school attendance and performance. The link between pupil engagement, achievement and well-being appears to is bi-directional, i. e. the more pupils are actively engaged and achieving in learning, the greater their sense of well-being and vice versa (McGrath ; Noble, 2010).When students are treated well by other pupils it makes them more enthused about participation in school activities. Positive peer relationships are also linked to higher levels of school attendance and pupil engagement with learning and a reduction in the likelihood of dropping out in secondary school (McGrath ; Noble, 2008). When students find their school environment to be supportive and caring, they are less likely to become involved in substa nce abuse, violence, and other problem behaviors.They are more likely to develop positive attitudes toward themselves and pro-social attitudes and behaviors toward others; supportive schools foster these positive outcomes by promoting students’ sense of â€Å"connectedness†, â€Å"belongingness†, or â€Å"community† during the school day. Additionally, this time during adolescence is imperative because, the development of strong interpersonal skills and relationships during emerging adulthood is an essential component of effective career and role functioning throughout the adult life span.Comments by others, particularly parents and peers, reflect appraisals of the individual that some adolescents may incorporate as part of their identity and feelings about themselves (Nyarko, 2012). Negative experiences in early adulthood are often particularly damaging to self-esteem. In early years, personality and sense of self is being formed, and harmful experiences can leave one feeling that they are not valued or important.Even though one is close to adulthood, there has still been too little amount of time to build any resilience, so these negative views can become the ones that teens believe about themselves. The way one may view them self can be tainted by society’s ideas of ‘beauty’; this is where helpful friendships are essential. When a teen’s self-esteem is disintegrating they need constructive re-affirmation to keep a positive attitude; this can be accomplished through strong friendships.Frequently, the friendships we make during our youth fade or dwindle as we grow up and move on to new places in life. Yet when our childhood and school-year friends stay with us into adulthood, they are often the most important friends we have. Our common history and the length of time that our connection has continued becomes the glue that keeps us together, even if we’ve changed significantly from when we first met . Our most valuable friends are the ones with whom we feel the deepest connection and greatest trust.It is with these friends that we share our fears, secrets, desires and problems and dreams. There are many unexpected benefits from this type of relationship, including such things as lessening stress, limiting depression, lowering blood pressure, keeping our minds agile, and lessening the debilitating effects of old age. Research has even shown that people with close friendships are more likely to exercise regularly, avoid excessive alcohol and even be more inclined to quit smoking. Positive peer relationships in early adulthood have positive effects on self-esteem.Chen, Cohen, Johson, and Kasen (2008) summary article on Psychiatric disorders during adolescence and relationships with peers found that, during adolescence, friends are providers of companionship, social and emotional support, and intimate self-disclosure and reflection. Group activities such as sports are an effective way to gain self-esteem boosting encouragement and relationships. Being involved in a team allows teens to build relationships and social skills that will help them further in life. Other group activities such as school extracurriculars have similar constructive effects on teen contentment.Peer relationships play an important role in pshyco-social development and well-being throughout life (Chen et al. , 2008). Young adults’ body image often times can be influenced by their relationship with peers. For some it is viewed as the lowest point in their life; others claim it to be the highlight of their years. No matter what personal opinion individuals express, it is evident that early adulthood is a key turning point in life. The experiences at this time, positive or negative, set the very foundation for later adulthood.

Ending the War Against Japan Essay

In the article, Ending The War Against Japan: Science, Morality And The Atomic Bomb, the author provides information on the war in the Pacific which involved the United States and Japan. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the United States entered the second World War in 1941. United States gained control of Okinawa in 1945 which meant that the U.S had control, in the months of May through August there were major air attacks on Japan, the Manhattan Project and the two atomic bombs the United States dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were part of the choice out of the many options that might have been given to President Truman and Secretary of War, Henry Stimson. They felt that dropping the atomic bomb was the best way to get the Japanese to give an unconditional surrender. The three options that the author gives in this article are based on three different outcomes that could have changed the way the Pacific War ended. The first option would allow President Truman to end the war peacefully, and it would have also allowed the Japanese to withdraw from the war without shame to their leader and save the thousands of Japanese individuals by not making the United States have to make the choice of dropping the atomic bombs. This option would have let Truman show that â€Å"We as Americans have not sunk to the level of our enemies† â€Å"We should end the war now in a manner that reflects the value we place on the sanctity of human life and the dignity of the individual†. The author gives Truman a second option and this option approaches the war in the Pacific with a demonstration of the atomic bomb in efforts to force the Japanese to surrender without condition. This includes the uprising of the Manhattan Project which gave the United States the â€Å"weapon of almost inconceivable power† with the scare tactics of the demonstration this gives the Japanese leaders an idea of what would come if they continued on resisting a withdraw. The American people felt as though they have put everything on the line to defeat the Japanese and would like nothing less than to see them surrender unconditionally and as long as we are taking responsible authority on our terms of the Japanese surrender we can end the war and increase strength and peace. The third and final option that Truman could have chosen would be to go fourth with the complete plan without the demonstration of the atomic bombs in the deserted Pacific a demonstration provided little purpose.† The Japanese have fought a merciless war of aggression. They neither expect nor deserve mercy†. We were in need of a quick victory and the only way to make japan admit failure and surrender was with strong military force. It was too late for any negotiations with the Japanese emperor, this plan gave President Truman the chance to save more American lives many of the other choices might have resulted in more American deaths. With the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and the torture of allies this option to drop as many bombs as needed without warning might have been the only way to send an effective message to the emperors of Japan. After reading the options that the author gives about the different outcomes Truman could have made and If I were Truman and I was making the decision I would have chosen option number two, Because I feel as though the atomic bomb being used for a scare tactic is a great way to show our power but also show our respect for the Japanese. The demonstration of the bombs would allow us to strengthen our roles in America and prevent the unmoral killing of Americans and Japanese.

A Perennial Burden to the Conscience essays

A Perennial Burden to the Conscience essays When the Dreyfus case is ended, and nobody knows when that will be, there will be a relief to mankind all the world over- The General Advertiser of New South Wales, Australia, 19 August 1899 (Prisoners of honor-Dreyfus affair, David Levering Lewis). Never in the history of humanity, did a case of treason have such a profound impact on the entire state, from the government to the youngest child. The Affair penetrated, slowly but steadily, the conscience of the people not only in France but worldwide. Not only did it affect the government of France and its Army, but it also influenced the intellect and the religious framework, organizations and societies, as well as the ordinary citizens and the so-called little Frenchmen. Laffair split families, societies, organizations, friendships and the people in two tabors: The Dreyfussards those who were on the side of Captain Dreyfus and anti Dreyfussards those in favor of anti-Semitism. The Dreyfus Affair and its aftermath were remembered long after the case itself was officially closed. The Dreyfus Affair actually started in the second half of September 1894, when a letter containing some secret information about the French Army was brought at the Statistical Section of the French War Office. The letter called bordereau was stolen from the waste paper basket of the German Military Attach von Schwartzkopfen. It contained a list of notes on the new artillery weapons and a Firing Manual. The officers of the General Staff were convinced that a probationer officer could have written it, since only they could have such a variety of information. Among these officers, Alfred Dreyfus was the only Jew and had a bad report. After a brief interview by Major the Marquis du Paty de Clam, he was accused of high treason and arrested a few minutes past nine oclock in the morning of October 15th, 1894. He was secretly kept in prison and inte...

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay ? Television is a powerful media source, bringing stories to billions across the globe. It has been called â€Å"the most awesome God-less force in the modern world† and it is now seen as a major part of everyday life. The average person spends 4 hours a day watching TV – becoming roughly 1/3 of a person’s typical waking hours. Television is a constructed view of reality, sometimes exaggerated extremely, solely to create entertainment. In the UK, there are five major terrestrial television channels, (four organisations) with some being vastly more successful than others. The BBC is the only organisation not to make money from advertising. Their money is generated from the TV Licence fee, and this type of broadcasting is known as Public Service Broadcasting. Channel 5 is perhaps seen as the least successful of the five TV channels, possibly due to the fact that it is the youngest. The channel began in 1995, but it was not able to broadcast nationally as many of the population’s televisions could not receive it. The company offered to retune every TV that couldn’t receive it, before the big launch in 1997. A long advertising campaign was launched, known as â€Å"Give Me Five† in an attempt to draw in viewers. On the 30th March, 1997, Channel 5 was launched at 6pm, attracting an audience of 2. 4 million people, a figure higher than the launch of Channel 4, fifteen years earlier. This new channel neither had the money or reputation to buy and broadcast potentially successful material. Perhaps getting off to a bad start, the main schedule consisted of home and cookery programmes, cheap US exports, and late night pornography. However, Channel 5 did receive praise for its news programming, and soon the ratings became consistently acceptable. The channel gained more money, and was soon able to buy better quality shows, such as Home & Away. In 2002, Channel 5 underwent a major image modification. The name changed from Channel 5 to simply, Five, and progressed itself as a serious rival to the other 4 channels. However, the channel has not been without its flaws. For example, Friends spin-off series, Joey, was bought by Five in 2005. Despite a high-profile launch and ad campaign, the program received poor ratings and was eventually cancelled. Similarly, other shows such as Robot Wars and CD:UK proved to be a flop for the channel. These unsuccessful shows have seemingly increased the channel’s poor reputation. In the channel’s first year of broadcasting, five receives its lowest audience shares of 2. 3%, but this can be expected from a debuting channel. Fifteen years earlier, Channel 4 received even lower audience shares on its opening night, although it could be argued that people watched less television in the 1980s. The audience shares increased, and peaked in 2004. The channel has the lowest audience share of the terrestrial channels, but, in its defence, Five is not received in all of the UK’s homes. Like all of the other terrestrial channels, Five now has â€Å"sister† channels, Five US and Five Life. These two channels are both somewhat successful, but other â€Å"sister† channels, such as ITV2, E4 and BBC Three are proving to be more viewed. Nowadays, Five is able to branch out and buy successful US shows such as Prison Break and House, as well as buying programmes from other channels – in 2008, Five bought Neighbours from the BBC. The BBC was established in the early 1920s, but it was not until 1936 that the channel began its regular television broadcasting as a public service TV channel. However, it was further suspended after WWII began, until 1946 when the permanent service was established. The BBC’s mission was to â€Å"inform, educate and entertain† and is still taken into account today. The BBC broadcasts a wide variety of programmes on both of its channels, BBC1 and BBC2. The BBC’s major programme is EastEnders, the popular primetime soap. On a weekly basis, the soap receives the highest rating of all terrestrial shows, with only the ITV1 soap, Coronation Street, (and occasionally reality shows such as The X Factor and Dancing On Ice) playing as its rival. Other BBC shows, such as Top Gear, Doctor Who and Little Britain have all been a success throughout the last decade, further improving the channels ratings and reputation. In an attempt to branch out and widen its audience, the BBC has recently made some unlikely purchases. In 2007, the channel brought the successful US show Heroes to BBC2. The show quickly became a phenomenon, and is different from what would usually be broadcast on BBC2. The BBC continues to dominate terrestrial TV, by finding ways to bring in more viewers. The programmes vary from food, to lifestyle, to documentary, to political. The BBC is now contending with ITV in the reality market, as it now features shows looking for new west-end stars, and the ever popular series, Strictly Come Dancing. BBC1 receives the highest audience share of the 5 channels, with an average of 26%. It is seen as the â€Å"main† channel, and regularly receives high ratings. This major organisation has the money to do whatever it pleases, and this has shown over the last decade. The BBC now has 8 channels – BBC1, BBC2, BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC and CBeebies. These 8 channels prove to cater for everyone. BBC Three is the most popular of the sister channels, frequently receiving new material such as Lily Allen and Friends and Gavin & Stacey. The channel is a â€Å"lighter† version of BBC1, with a more comedic element. The BBC now broadcasts internationally. A new channel, BBC America, was launched in 1998, and has carried programming from the BBC to the USA, such as Torchwood and The Graham Norton Show. BBC America is part of two international channels, the other being BBC World. A recent feature of the BBC, BBC iPlayer, has recently been introduced. It has become an on-demand online video player, with unlimited access to BBC shows. The iPlayer is proving extremely popular, with more than 3. 5 million programmes downloaded in its opening week. However, despite the BBC being a major empire, the company relies on the licence fee. It is the only channel not to rely on income through advertising. The core belief of public service television is that it is free from the pressures of commercial TV, and, as its income is guaranteed, public service TV is freer to explore. But this does not mean it can become complacent. High audience shares are still needed because, if they were to fall, the licence fee would be in serious jeopardy. For years, there has been a debate as to whether public service broadcasting should continue. Naturally, the BBC wishes for it to continue, whereas others disagree. The BBC has very little to do to secure its funding, whereas the commercial companies have to work to get their income. The opponents of public service television argue that it is simply another form of taxation. With the arrival and expansion of satellite and cable, some people have no interest in the public service channels. For the BBC, public service broadcasting means that certain pressures are put upon them, but their income is fixed. The BBC could be said to have better quality shows due to them receiving â€Å"easy† money, and it also means that their programmes can be longer, due to the fact that they don’t have to make time for advertising. However, for Channel 5, public service television means that there are no pressures. The channel can show what they want (within reason) but their income is variable. Unsurprisingly, the commercial channels are against the licence fee, as it seems unfair. It seems as if the media are in constant debate over whether the licence fee should continue, as many people pay considerable sums for services in which they have no interest in. A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC. (2017, Aug 08).